• MeSH
• Differential Threshold MeSH
• Echolocation MeSH
• Sound Localization MeSH
• Psychophysics MeSH
• Hearing MeSH

• Conspectus
• Patologie. Klinická medicína
• NML Fields
• otorinolaryngologie

OBJECTIVE: In 2014 the European Union-funded E-PILEPSY project was launched to improve awareness of, and accessibility to, epilepsy surgery across Europe. We aimed to investigate the current use of neuroimaging, electromagnetic source localization, and imaging postprocessing procedures in participating centers. METHODS: A survey on the clinical use of imaging, electromagnetic source localization, and postprocessing methods in epilepsy surgery candidates was distributed among the 25 centers of the consortium. A descriptive analysis was performed, and results were compared to existing guidelines and recommendations. RESULTS: Response rate was 96%. Standard epilepsy magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) protocols are acquired at 3 Tesla by 15 centers and at 1.5 Tesla by 9 centers. Three centers perform 3T MRI only if indicated. Twenty-six different MRI sequences were reported. Six centers follow all guideline-recommended MRI sequences with the proposed slice orientation and slice thickness or voxel size. Additional sequences are used by 22 centers. MRI postprocessing methods are used in 16 centers. Interictal positron emission tomography (PET) is available in 22 centers; all using 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG). Seventeen centers perform PET postprocessing. Single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) is used by 19 centers, of which 15 perform postprocessing. Four centers perform neither PET nor SPECT in children. Seven centers apply magnetoencephalography (MEG) source localization, and nine apply electroencephalography (EEG) source localization. Fourteen combinations of inverse methods and volume conduction models are used. SIGNIFICANCE: We report a large variation in the presurgical diagnostic workup among epilepsy surgery centers across Europe. This diversity underscores the need for high-quality systematic reviews, evidence-based recommendations, and harmonization of available diagnostic presurgical methods.

• MeSH
• Epilepsy diagnostic imaging   physiopathology   surgery   MeSH
• Humans MeSH
• International Cooperation MeSH
• Neuroimaging * methods   statistics & numerical data   trends   MeSH
• Image Processing, Computer-Assisted MeSH
• Surveys and Questionnaires MeSH
• Check Tag
• Humans MeSH
• Male MeSH
• Female MeSH
• Publication type
• Journal Article MeSH
• Multicenter Study MeSH
• Geographicals
• Europe epidemiology   MeSH

Stereoelectroencephalography (SEEG) records electrical brain activity with intracerebral electrodes. However, it has an inherently limited spatial coverage. Electrical source imaging (ESI) infers the position of the neural generators from the recorded electric potentials, and thus, could overcome this spatial undersampling problem. Here, we aimed to quantify the accuracy of SEEG ESI under clinical conditions. We measured the somatosensory evoked potential (SEP) in SEEG and in high-density EEG (HD-EEG) in 20 epilepsy surgery patients. To localize the source of the SEP, we employed standardized low resolution brain electromagnetic tomography (sLORETA) and equivalent current dipole (ECD) algorithms. Both sLORETA and ECD converged to similar solutions. Reflecting the large differences in the SEEG implantations, the localization error also varied in a wide range from 0.4 to 10 cm. The SEEG ESI localization error was linearly correlated with the distance from the putative neural source to the most activated contact. We show that it is possible to obtain reliable source reconstructions from SEEG under realistic clinical conditions, provided that the high signal fidelity recording contacts are sufficiently close to the source of the brain activity.

• MeSH
• Electroencephalography methods   MeSH
• Electrocorticography * methods   MeSH
• Epilepsy * surgery   MeSH
• Humans MeSH
• Magnetic Resonance Imaging MeSH
• Brain Mapping methods   MeSH
• Neuroimaging MeSH
• Evoked Potentials, Somatosensory MeSH
• Check Tag
• Humans MeSH
• Publication type
• Journal Article MeSH
• Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't MeSH

Článek podává přehled o metodách zabývajících se korovým mapováním elektrické aktivity mozku. V první části je objasněn neurofyziologický podklad metod mapujících korové EEG potenciály, včetně technických problémů souvisejících s objemovým vedením elektrické aktivity a nejednoznačným řešením lokalizace mozkových generátorů na základě povrchového EEG. V další části jsou pak vysvětleny tři úkoly (modelování prostředí, dopřední úloha a inverzní úloha), jejichž řešení umožňuje prostorovou lokalizaci zdrojů mozkové elektrické aktivity. Poslední část shrnuje výsledky praktické aplikace metody low resolution electromagnetic tomography (LORETA) se zaměřením na oblast psychiatrie.

The article provides a review of methods of cortical mapping of brain electric activity. The first part of the article explains the neurophysiological background of functional localization using source dipole modelling of EEG potentials, and some methodological problems of source localization. Three steps in source localization (construction of head models, solving of the forward and inverse problem) are described. Finally, results obtained with low resolution electromagnetic tomography (LORETA) method in psychiatric research are reviewed.

• MeSH
• Electroencephalography methods   MeSH
• Epilepsy diagnosis   MeSH
• Research Support as Topic MeSH
• Humans MeSH
• Magnetoencephalography methods   MeSH
• Brain Mapping methods   MeSH
• Brain physiology   physiopathology   MeSH
• Positron-Emission Tomography methods   MeSH
• Schizophrenia diagnosis   MeSH
• Check Tag
• Humans MeSH

Motor inhibitory control is a central executive function, but only recently the importance of perceptual mechanisms for these processes has been focused. It is elusive whether basic mechanisms governing sensory perception affect motor inhibitory control. We examine whether sensory lateral inhibition (LI) processes modulate motor inhibitory control using a system neurophysiological approach combining EEG signal decomposition with source localization methods in a somatosensory GO/NOGO task. The results show that inter-individual variations in the strength of LI effects predominantly affect processes when information needs to be integrated between cerebral hemispheres. If information needs to be integrated between hemispheres, strong sensory suppression will lead to more impulsive errors. Importantly, the neurophysiological data suggest that not purely perceptual or motor processes are affected. Rather, LI affects the response selection level and modulates processes of stimulus categorization. This is associated with activity modulations in the posterior parietal cortex. The results suggest that when sensory suppression is high and when information needs to be integrated across hemispheres, these processes are less efficient, which likely leads to worse motor inhibitory control. The results show how basis principles modulating perceptual processes affect subsequent motor inhibitory control processes.

• MeSH
• Analysis of Variance MeSH
• Adult MeSH
• Electroencephalography MeSH
• Evoked Potentials MeSH
• Executive Function * MeSH
• Humans MeSH
• Young Adult MeSH
• Cerebral Cortex physiology   MeSH
• Motor Activity * MeSH
• Psychomotor Performance * MeSH
• Check Tag
• Adult MeSH
• Humans MeSH
• Young Adult MeSH
• Male MeSH
• Female MeSH
• Publication type
• Journal Article MeSH
• Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't MeSH

The circadian variation of sensory and motor symptoms with increasing severity in the evening and at night is a key diagnostic feature/symptom of the restless legs syndrome (RLS). Even though many neurological diseases have shown a strong nexus between motor and cognitive symptoms, it has remained unclear whether cognitive performance of RLS patients declines in the evening and which neurophysiological mechanisms are affected by the circadian variation. In the current study, we examined daytime effects (morning vs. evening) on cognitive performance in RLS patients (n = 33) compared to healthy controls (n = 29) by analyzing flanker interference effects in combination with EEG and source localization techniques. RLS patients showed larger flanker interference effects in the evening than in the morning (p = .023), while healthy controls did not display a comparable circadian variation. In line with this, the neurophysiological data showed smaller N1 amplitudes in RLS patients compared to controls in the interfering task condition in the evening (p = .042), but not in the morning. The results demonstrate diurnal cognitive changes in RLS patients with intensified impairments in the evening. It seems that not all dopamine-regulated cognitive processes are altered in RLS and thus show daytime-dependent impairments. Instead, the daytime-related cognitive impairment emerges from attentional selection processes within the extra-striate visual cortex, but not from later cognitive processes such as conflict monitoring and response selection.

• MeSH
• Circadian Rhythm physiology   MeSH
• Adult MeSH
• Electroencephalography MeSH
• Cognition physiology   MeSH
• Middle Aged MeSH
• Humans MeSH
• Attention physiology   MeSH
• Aged MeSH
• Restless Legs Syndrome physiopathology   MeSH
• Check Tag
• Adult MeSH
• Middle Aged MeSH
• Humans MeSH
• Male MeSH
• Aged MeSH
• Female MeSH
• Publication type
• Journal Article MeSH

• Keywords
• životní prostředí,
• Geographicals
• Europe MeSH

• NML Fields
• environmentální vědy
• NML Publication type
• publikace WHO

Lokální anestezie prvního dolního moláru je zatížena nejvyšším počtem selhání dentální lokální anestezie. U některých pacientů nedochází k jeho dokonalému znecitlivění ani po aplikaci úspěšné mandibulární svodné a bukální anestezie. Vysvětlení spočívá v anatomické variabilitě jemných větévek nervus mylohyoideus. Pro úspěšnou anestezii je u těchto pacientů třeba přidat okolo 0,5 ml anestetika pod lingvální sliznici spodiny ústní dutiny v úrovni kořene prvního dolního moláru.

The local anesthesia of the first lower molar has the highest occurrence of failure in dental anesthesia. In some patients, the tooth is not anesthetized even after successful mandibular and buccal anesthesia. The solution lies in the anatomical variability of meticulous branches of the mylohyoid nerve. Therefore a successful anesthesia in these patients requires an additional application of approximatelly 0.5 ml of anesthetic solution under the lingual mucous membrane of the oral diaphragm, at the level of the first molar, is necessary.

• Keywords
• nervus alveolaris inferior, nervus mylohyoideus,
• MeSH
• Financing, Organized MeSH
• Humans MeSH
• Mandible innervation   MeSH
• Molar innervation   MeSH
• Intraoperative Complications MeSH
• Anesthesia, Conduction methods   MeSH
• Anesthesia, Dental methods   MeSH
• Check Tag
• Humans MeSH
• Publication type
• Biography MeSH

• About
• Šedý, Jiří, 1980- Authority

Primary cold and warm afferent fibers show a robust overshoot in their firing during periods of temperature change, which subsides during tonic thermal stimulation. Our objective was to analyze cortical activation, on a scale of hundreds of milliseconds, occurring during the process of dynamic cooling and warming, based on an evaluation of the amplitude changes seen in 10 Hz electroencephalographic oscillations. Eleven right-handed subjects were exposed to innocuous cold ramp stimuli (from 32 degrees C to 22 degrees C, 10 degrees C/s) and warm ramp stimuli (32 degrees C to 42 degrees C, 10 degrees C/s) on the thenar region of their right palm, using a contact thermode. EEG was recorded from 111 scalp sites, and the 10 Hz current source densities were modeled using low-resolution electromagnetic tomography. During cooling, the earliest amplitude decreases of 10 Hz oscillations were seen in the contralateral posterior insula and secondary somatosensory cortex (SII), and the premotor cortex (PMC). During warming, the earliest events were only observed in the PMC and occurred approximately 0.7 s later than during cooling. Linear regression analysis between 10 Hz current source densities and temperature variations revealed cooling-sensitive activation in the bilateral posterior insula, PMC and the anterior cingulate cortex. During warming, the amplitude of 10 Hz oscillations in the PMC and posterior insula correlated with stimulus temperature. Dynamic thermal stimulation activates, in addition to the posterior insula and parietal operculum, the lateral PMC. The activation of the anterior cingulate cortex during cooling may aid in the anticipation of the cold temperature end-point and provide continuous evaluation of the thermal stimulus.

• MeSH
• Afferent Pathways physiology   MeSH
• Adult MeSH
• Electroencephalography MeSH
• Financing, Organized MeSH
• Humans MeSH
• Brain Mapping MeSH
• Adolescent MeSH
• Cerebral Cortex physiology   MeSH
• Nerve Fibers physiology   MeSH
• Cold Temperature MeSH
• Reaction Time MeSH
• Reference Values MeSH
• Body Temperature Regulation MeSH
• Hot Temperature MeSH
• Check Tag
• Adult MeSH
• Humans MeSH
• Adolescent MeSH
• Male MeSH
• Female MeSH

During apoptosis several mitochondrial proteins are released. Some of them participate in caspase-independent nuclear DNA degradation, especially apoptosis-inducing factor (AIF) and endonuclease G (endoG). Another interesting protein, which was expected to act similarly as AIF due to the high sequence homology with AIF is AIF-homologous mitochondrion-associated inducer of death (AMID). We studied the structure, cellular localization, and interactions of several proteins in silico and also in cells using fluorescent microscopy. We found the AMID protein to be cytoplasmic, most probably incorporated into the cytoplasmic side of the lipid membranes. Bioinformatic predictions were conducted to analyze the interactions of the studied proteins with each other and with other possible partners. We conducted molecular modeling of proteins with unknown 3D structures. These models were then refined by MolProbity server and employed in molecular docking simulations of interactions. Our results show data acquired using a combination of modern in silico methods and image analysis to understand the localization, interactions and functions of proteins AMID, AIF, endonuclease G, and other apoptosis-related proteins.

• MeSH
• Apoptosis MeSH
• Models, Biological MeSH
• Endonucleases MeSH
• Microscopy, Fluorescence methods   MeSH
• Caspases metabolism   MeSH
• Protein Conformation MeSH
• Humans MeSH
• Models, Molecular MeSH
• Cell Line, Tumor MeSH
• Computer Simulation MeSH
• Proteomics methods   MeSH
• Software MeSH
• Protein Structure, Tertiary MeSH
• Protein Binding MeSH
• Computational Biology methods   MeSH
• Check Tag
• Humans MeSH
• Publication type
• Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't MeSH