• MeSH
• experimentální psychologie MeSH
• individualita MeSH
• testování osobnosti MeSH

• Konspekt
• Psychologie
• NLK Obory
• psychologie, klinická psychologie
• NLK Publikační typ
• elektronické časopisy

• MeSH
• chování dětí MeSH
• dětská psychologie MeSH
• individualita MeSH
• vývoj dítěte MeSH
• Publikační typ
• monografie MeSH

• Konspekt
• Psychologie
• NLK Obory
• psychologie, klinická psychologie
• psychiatrie

Lithium is used in the treatment of bipolar disorder. We previously demonstrated that two types of transporters mediate the tubular reabsorption of lithium in rats, and suggested that sodium-dependent phosphate transporters play a role in lithium reabsorption with high affinity. In the present study, we examined sex differences in lithium reabsorption in rats. When lithium chloride was infused at 60 μg/min, creatinine clearance and the renal clearance of lithium were lower, and the plasma concentration of lithium was higher in female rats. These values reflected the higher fractional reabsorption of lithium in female rats. In rats infused with lithium chloride at 6 μg/min, the pharmacokinetic parameters of lithium examined were all similar in both sexes. The fractional reabsorption of lithium was decreased by foscarnet, a representative inhibitor of sodium-dependent phosphate transporters, in male and female rats when lithium chloride was infused at the low rate. Among the candidate transporters mediating lithium reabsorption examined herein, the mRNA expression of only PiT2, a sodium-dependent phosphate transporter, exhibited sexual dimorphism. The present results demonstrated sex differences in the tubular reabsorption of lithium with low affinity in rats.

• MeSH
• chlorid lithný aplikace a dávkování   metabolismus   farmakokinetika   MeSH
• intravenózní infuze MeSH
• kotransportní proteiny pro sodík a fosfát genetika   metabolismus   MeSH
• ledvinové kanálky metabolismus   MeSH
• pohlavní dimorfismus MeSH
• potkani Wistar MeSH
• renální reabsorpce * MeSH
• sexuální faktory MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• srovnávací studie MeSH

BACKGROUND: Despite the recent increase of research interest in involuntary treatment and the use of coercive measures, gender differences among coerced schizophrenia patients still remain understudied. It is well recognized that there are gender differences both in biological correlates and clinical presentations in schizophrenia, which is one of the most common diagnoses among patients who are treated against their will. The extent to which these differences may result in a difference in the use of coercive measures for men and women during the acute phase of the disease has not been studied. METHODS: 291 male and 231 female coerced patients with schizophrenia were included in this study, which utilized data gathered by the EUNOMIA project (European Evaluation of Coercion in Psychiatry and Harmonization of Best Clinical Practice) and was carried out as a multi-centre prospective cohort study at 13 centers in 12 European countries. Sociodemographic and clinical characteristics, social functioning and aggressive behavior in patients who received any form of coercive measure (seclusion and/or forced medication and/or physical restraint) during their hospital stay were assessed. RESULTS: When compared to the non-coerced inpatient population, there was no difference in sociodemographic or clinical characteristics across either gender. However coerced female patients did show a worse social functioning than their coerced male counterparts, a finding which contrasts with the non-coerced inpatient population. Moreover, patterns of aggressive behavior were different between men and women, such that women exhibited aggressive behavior more frequently, but men committed severe aggressive acts more frequently. Staff used forced medication in women more frequently and physical restraint and seclusion more frequently with men. CONCLUSIONS: Results of this study point towards a higher threshold of aggressive behavior the treatment of women with coercive measures. This may be because less serious aggressive actions trigger the application of coercive measures in men. Moreover coerced women showed diminished social functioning, and more importantly more severe symptoms from the "excitement/hostile" cluster in contrast to coerced men. National and international recommendation on coercive treatment practices should include appropriate consideration of the evidence of gender differences in clinical presentation and aggressive behaviors found in inpatient populations.

• MeSH
• agrese psychologie   MeSH
• dospělí MeSH
• hospitalizovaní pacienti psychologie   MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• pohlavní dimorfismus * MeSH
• prospektivní studie MeSH
• schizofrenie (psychologie) * MeSH
• schizofrenie terapie   MeSH
• stupeň závažnosti nemoci MeSH
• ústavy pro duševně nemocné MeSH
• zodpovědnost duševně nemocného * MeSH
• Check Tag
• dospělí MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH

Aim: The aim of the present study was to demonstrate the existence of uniform sexual dimorphism in some radioulnar contrasts between different finger ridge counts within the same hand in a large set of populations, thus confirming the universal nature of this dimorphism in humans.Subjects and methods: We analysed individual finger ridge counts (10 values on each hand) of both hands from archival sources (mainly the Brehme-Jantz database). In total, these included 4412 adults from 21 population samples covering all permanently inhabited continents and encompassing very different and geographically distant human populations. We calculated the contrasts (differences) of all pairs of ridge counts (45 per hand) and used diverse methods to assess the direction and degree of dimorphism of them across all population samples.Results: The highest sexual dimorphism was observed for nine contrasts involving the ridge count of the dermatoglyphic pattern on the radial side of the second finger of the right hand (R2r). Among these contrasts, we then found four that had the same direction of dimorphism in all 21 populations. The most dimorphic was the contrast R1rR2r - the difference between the ridge count of the radial side of the thumb and the radial side of the index finger.Discussion: Thus, these dermatoglyphic traits can be further investigated as potential markers of prenatal sex differentiation from ca. 10th week of intrauterine development. However, it will be useful to address the detailed factors and mechanisms for differences in the degree of dimorphism of these traits in different populations.

• MeSH
• dospělí MeSH
• fenotyp MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• pohlavní dimorfismus * MeSH
• prsty ruky * anatomie a histologie   MeSH
• ruka MeSH
• sexuální faktory MeSH
• těhotenství MeSH
• Check Tag
• dospělí MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• těhotenství MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH

The results of the multivariate analysis of variance confirmed statistically significant differences in latency and amplitude of some ERPs waves to nouns and ERPs to verbs. ERPs to nouns differ from ERPs to verbs by a significantly longer latency and greater amplitude of some waves. A comparison of the characteristics of ERPs to nouns and ERPs to verbs separately in males and females produced basically identical results; in females, however, there are much fewer significant differences than in males. Interaction between the site of the recording electrode and features of ERPs to words of different word classes however could not be demonstrated.

• MeSH
• dospělí MeSH
• jazyk (prostředek komunikace) MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• pohlavní dimorfismus MeSH
• psycholingvistika MeSH
• sluchové evokované potenciály MeSH
• Check Tag
• dospělí MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH

Odporúčania pre chronické srdcové zlyhávanie (SZ) odporúčajú rovnakú liečbu u mužov ako u žien. Ženy sa však od mužov významne odlišujú v mnohých aspektoch (v individuálnej odpovedi na farmakologickú liečbu, v adekvátnej preskripcii a dávkovaní liekov s dokázaným benefitom pri SZ). V budúcnosti bude azda možné uprednostniť určitú liečbu podľa pohlavia, šitú na mieru ženám. Vo všeobecnosti bol prínos liečby beta?blokátorov, ACE inhibítorov, sartanov a spironolaktónu v klinických štúdiách so SZ rovnaký, nezávislý od pohlavia. Existujú však podklady pre možnú nadradenosť sartanov nad ACE inhibítormi u žien. Liečba digoxínom môže byť spojená s vyššou mortalitou u žien (ale nie u mužov). Vedľajšie účinky ACE inhibítorov sa častejšie vyskytujú u žien. Riziko hyperkaliémie pri užívaní kandesartanu bolo vyššie u mužov. Mužov so SZ môže spironolaktón ochraňovať pred rizikom fraktúr. Ženy so SZ boli horšie liečené (menej často dostávali odporúčanú liečbu, v optimálnej dávke). Pri zohľadnení objektívnych dôvodov však rozdiely v kvalite liečby neboli zistené. Všetky uvedené rozdiely majú potenciálne široké implikácie pre rutinnú klinickú prax

At this point, guidelines recommend the same care for patients with chronic heart failure (HF), regardless of gender. In the future, however, HF care may need to be tailored by sex, as the best way to optimize outcomes for both men and women. Because prior studies demonstrated sex-related differences in many aspects of HF care (in the appropriate use and dosing of evidence-based therapy and in the individual response to pharmacological treatment between women and men with HF). In general, benefi t of beta-blockers, ACE inhibitors, angiotensin II receptor blockers (ARBs) and spironolactone in clinical trials was similar, regardless of gender. Women with HF appear to have signifi cantly lower mortality rates on ARBs than on the more standard HF therapy (ACE inhibitors), but there was no difference in survival in men prescribed ARBs compared to ACE inhibitors. In a post hoc subgroup analysis digoxin was associated with a increased risk of death from any cause among women with HF, but not men. ACE inhibitor-induced cough was more frequent among women. The risk of hyperkalemia was increased with male gender in HF patients treated with candesartan. The use of spironolactone was inversely associated with fractures in men with CHF. Previous studies have suggested that female with HF are less likely received guideline- recommended therapies (in appropriate doses). Female patients with HF were less likely to receive certain guideline- recommended evidence-based treatments, but the infl uence of patient sex on delivery of these therapies was disappeared when the objective reasons for non-using of these therapies were taken into account. These sex differences could have potential widespread implications for routine heart failure care.

• MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• pohlavní dimorfismus MeSH
• srdeční selhání farmakoterapie   MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• přehledy MeSH

Background: The size of sex differences in dermatoglyphic features and their inter-population differences remains a subject of debate. Combining fingers in traditional dermatoglyphic methodology and omitting finger-specific variations might be a cause for uncertainty.Aim: To compare sex differences in whorl frequencies between fingers.Subjects and methods: Using meta-analytical methods, the authors studied sex differences in frequencies of whorls (log Odd Ratios) for each finger separately, including their heterogeneities (between-samples variance). The dataset of 204 population samples was extracted from published dermatoglyphic studies.Results: Aggregated effects of sex differences were significant in all fingers, except for the left 1st finger. Sex differences were higher in the right hand and increased from radial to ulnar fingers. Apart from the right 1st and 3rd fingers, heterogeneities were small and literally zero in the right 4th finger.Conclusion: Higher sex differences in ulnar fingers and the lack of interpopulation differences all over the world in the 4th finger might be caused by a stronger influence of genetic and/or hormonal factors on dermatoglyphic development of the ulnar side of the hand. It is suggested that future studies, when applying dermatoglyphic traits as markers of prenatal environment, use traits by individual fingers or their relationships within the hand.

• MeSH
• dermatoglyfika * MeSH
• fenotyp * MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• pohlavní dimorfismus MeSH
• prsty ruky anatomie a histologie   MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• metaanalýza MeSH
• systematický přehled MeSH

Extracellular DNA (ecDNA) activates immune cells and is involved in the pathogenesis of diseases associated with inflammation such as sepsis, rheumatoid arthritis or metabolic syndrome. DNA can be cleaved by deoxyribonucleases (DNases), some of which are secreted out of cells. The aim of this experiment was to describe plasma DNase activity in relation to extracellular DNA in adult rats, to analyse potential sex differences and to prove whether they are related to endogenous testosterone. Adult Lewis rats (n=28) of both sexes were included in the experiment. Male rats were gonadectomized or sham-operated and compared to intact female rats. Plasma ecDNA and DNase activity were measured using fluorometry and single radial enzyme diffusion assay, respectively. Concentrations of nuclear ecDNA and mitochondrial ecDNA were determined using real-time PCR. Females had 60% higher plasma DNase activity than males ( p=0.03). Gonadectomy did not affect plasma DNase in males. Neither the concentration of total ecDNA, nor nuclear or mitochondrial DNA in plasma differed between the groups. No significant correlations between DNase and ecDNA were found. From previous studies on mice, it was expected, that male rats will have higher DNase activity. In contrast, our study in rats showed the opposite sex difference. This sex difference seems not to be caused by endogenous testosterone. Interestingly, no sex differences were observed in plasma ecDNA suggesting a complex or missing association between plasma ecDNA and DNase. The observed sex difference in plasma DNase should be taken into account in animal models of ecDNA-associated diseases.

• MeSH
• deoxyribonukleasy krev   MeSH
• DNA krev   MeSH
• orchiektomie MeSH
• pohlavní dimorfismus * MeSH
• potkani inbrední LEW MeSH
• testosteron krev   MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH

To facilitate the precision of clinical electrocardiographic studies of J-to-Tpeak (JTp) and Tpeak-to-Tend (Tpe) intervals, the study investigated their differences between healthy females and males, and between subjects of African and Caucasian origin. In 523 healthy subjects (254 females; 236 subjects of African origin), repeated Holter recordings were used to measure QT, JT, JTp, and Tpe intervals preceded by both stable and variable heart rates. Subject-specific curvilinear regression models were used to obtain individual QTc, JTc, JTpc and Tpec intervals. Rate hysteresis, i.e., the speed with which the intervals adapted after heart rate changes, was also investigated. In all sex-race groups, Tpe intervals were not systematically heart rate dependent. Similar to QTc intervals, women had JTc, and JTpc intervals longer than males (difference 20-30 ms, p < 0.001). However, women had Tpec intervals (and rate uncorrected Tpe intervals) shorter by approximately 10 ms compared to males (p < 0.001). Subjects of African origin had significantly shorter QTc intervals than Caucasians (p < 0.001). Gradually diminishing race-difference was found for JTc, JTpc and Tpec intervals. JTc and JTpc were moderately increasing with age but Tpe/Tpec were not. Rate hysteresis of JTp was approximately 10% longer compared to that of JT (p < 0.001). In future clinical studies, Tpe interval should not be systematically corrected for heart rate and similar to the QT interval, the differences in JT, JTp and Tpe intervals should be corrected for sex. The differences in QT and JT, and JTp intervals should also be corrected for race.

• MeSH
• dospělí MeSH
• elektrokardiografie * MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• pohlavní dimorfismus * MeSH
• převodní systém srdeční fyziologie   MeSH
• rasové skupiny * MeSH
• srdeční frekvence fyziologie   MeSH
• Check Tag
• dospělí MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• multicentrická studie MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH