rate-level function
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BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Monitoring of renal function in cystic fibrosis (CF) patients is essential. The dosage regimen of amikacin is regularly modified according to the patient's glomerular filtration rate (GFR). The aim of the study was to evaluate the use of cystatin C (CyC) for monitoring amikacin therapy along with other markers of renal tubular and glomerular function, and damage [N-acetyl-beta-d glucosaminidase (NAG), creatinine level and creatinine clearance]. METHODS: We compared the GFR, estimated from the serum concentrations of creatinine (Cockcroft-Gault formula) and CyC (Grubb's formula). Seventy-one patients (mean age 12 years; range 4-28 years) with CF were treated by intermittent intravenous infusion of amikacin. Tubular nephrotoxicity was investigated by measurement of urine NAG/urine creatinine ratio (U-NAG/U-creatinine). Concentrations of all markers were measured before starting amikacin therapy and at days 3, 5, 7, 10 and 12. Fluorescence polarization analysis, turbidimetry, enzymatic phototometric creatinine deaminase method and fluorimetry were used for determination of serum amikacin, serum CyC, creatinine and urine NAG activity. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis was performed to assess the influence of GFR estimated from serum creatinine and serum CyC for the prediction of amikacin clearance during aminoglycoside therapy. RESULTS: Significant differences in the rate of U-NAG/U-creatinine were noted before and after treatment with amikacin (P < 0.001). Serum creatinine levels and creatinine clearance at the end of amikacin therapy (12th day) did not show any significant differences in comparison with the levels measured before the start of therapy (0th day). At days 5, 7, 10 and 12, serum CyC levels showed a significant elevation (P < 0.001), and CyC clearance showed a significant decrease (P < 0.001) in comparison with the levels measured at day 0. The ratio of amikacin clearance/creatinine clearance decreased with therapy whereas the amikacin clearance/CyC and amikacin clearance/CyC clearance increased. CONCLUSION: We showed that the rate of U-NAG/U-creatinine is a suitable marker for monitoring tubular nephrotoxicity in CF patients. Serum creatinine and estimated creatinine clearance are modest predictors of GFR in CF patients. CyC appears to be a better marker of GFR than serum creatinine concentration or creatinine clearance in our study. Serum CyC levels and CyC clearance showed greater ability to predict amikacin clearance during therapy than creatinine clearance.
- MeSH
- acetylglukosaminidasa moč MeSH
- amikacin aplikace a dávkování farmakokinetika farmakologie MeSH
- antibakteriální látky aplikace a dávkování farmakokinetika farmakologie MeSH
- biologické markery krev MeSH
- časové faktory MeSH
- cystatin C MeSH
- cystatiny krev MeSH
- cystická fibróza farmakoterapie krev MeSH
- dítě MeSH
- dospělí MeSH
- hodnoty glomerulární filtrace MeSH
- intravenózní infuze MeSH
- kreatinin krev moč MeSH
- ledviny patologie účinky léků MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mladiství MeSH
- monitorování léčiv MeSH
- předškolní dítě MeSH
- ROC křivka MeSH
- Check Tag
- dítě MeSH
- dospělí MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mladiství MeSH
- mužské pohlaví MeSH
- předškolní dítě MeSH
- ženské pohlaví MeSH
- Publikační typ
- klinické zkoušky MeSH
- srovnávací studie MeSH
Poruchy metabolismu a funkcí ledvin jsou ve stáří velmi časté. Klesá obsah celkové tělesné vody především v intracelulární složce, je porušena termoregulace a perspirace, časté jsou stavy dehydratace i hyperhydratace. Zjišťujeme hyponatremické syndromy (deplece či diluce); se stoupajícím věkem klesá celkové množství draslíku v organismu, často vápníku, hořčíku a fosforu. Klesá koncentrační schopnost ledvin, snižuje se glomerulární filtrace (i při normální sérové koncentraci kreatininu) a zřeďovací schopnost ledviny.
Metabolic disorders and renal dysfunction are very frequent in old age. The content of total body water tends to decrease primarily in the intracellular component; thermoregulation and perspiration are impaired, with a high incidence of dehydration and hyperhydration. Syndromes of hyponatremia (depletion or dilution) are present and total body levels of potassium and, often, calcium, magnesium and phosphorus decrease with age. The concentrating capacity of the kidney declines as do glomerular filtration rate (even with normal serum creatinine levels) and diluting capacity of the kidney.
- MeSH
- fyziologie výživy MeSH
- ledviny patofyziologie MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- metabolismus MeSH
- senioři MeSH
- vodní a elektrolytová nerovnováha patofyziologie MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- senioři MeSH
- Publikační typ
- přehledy MeSH
Východisko: Dlouhodobá aplikace kalcineurinových inhibitorů (Cl) u pacientů po transplantaci ledviny je díky jejich nefrotoxickému potenciálu často spojena s rozvojem ireverzibilního poškození štěpu. Cn: Cílem naší práce bylo vyhodnotit přínos opakovaného stanovení sérového kreatininu (Skr) a glomerulární filtrace (GF) v detekci časných projevů nefrotoxicity Cl během prvního roku po transplantaci. Metodika: V souboru 158 nemocných bylo v prvním roce po transplantaci provedeno 424 protokolárních biopsií ledvinných štěpů. Ze souboru byly vyčleněny 3 sledované skupiny - skupina kontrolní s normálním histologickým nálezem, skupina s histologickými projevy toxicity s normální a stabilizovanou funkcí štěpu a skupina s klinicky manifestní toxicitou s dysfunkcí štěpu. Ve skupinách byl hodnocen vývoj Skr, GF a histologického obrazu během jednoročního sledování a skupiny byly vzájemně porovnány. Výsledky statistických testů byly označeny jako signifikantní při hladině významnosti P < 0.05. Výsledky: Normální histologický nález byl pozorován ve 3. týdnu pouze u 30 pacientů (19.0 %). Histologické projevy toxicity se vyskytly ve á. týdnu u 33 (20,1 %) pacientů s perzistencí nálezu po redukci dávky Cl ve 3 měsíci u 27 (19,0 %) a v 1. roce u 23 (18,5 %) nemocných. Více než 50 % těchto toxických změn bylo klinicky němých s normální hodnotou Skr a bez signifikantních změn GF (P < 0,05). Závěry: Nefrotoxicita Cl postihuje významné procento ledvinných štěpů již v prvním roce po transplantaci. Skr dobře neodráží stupeň toxického poškození štěpu v tomto období a limitované jsou i možnosti hodnocení změn GF. Protokolární biopsie se jeví jako vhodný prostředek detekce toxicity Cl a kontroly její perzistence.
Introduction: The long-term administration of calcineurin inhibitors (CI) in patients after kidney graft transplantation is due to their nephrotoxic potential frequently accompanied by irreversible graft damage. Aim: The purpose of our study was to determine the contribution of repeated measeurement of serum creatinine (Scr) and glomerular filtration rate (GFR) in the detection of early nephrotoxic changes of CI in the course of the first year after transplantation. Methods: 424 protocol biopsies of transplanted kidneys were conducted in the set of 158. Three groups were detached from the initial cohort – comparison group with normal histological findings, group with histological signs of toxicity but normal and stabilised graft function and group with histological evidence of toxicity and an impaired graft function. All of the studied groups were monitored for the development of Scr, GFR and histological picture in the course of the one-year monitoring, and cross-comparisons of the groups were carried out. Test results were labelled as significant where the level of statistical significance P < 0.05 was achieved. Results: In the third week normal histological findings was seen only in 30 patients (19.0%). Histological signs of toxicity occurred in the third week in 33 (20.1%) patients, with persistence after CI dose reduction in the third month in 27 (19.0%) and in the first year in 23 (18.5%) patients. More than 50% of the toxic changes were clinically silent with normal level of Scr and without significant changes in GFR (P < 0.05). Conclusions: CI nephrotoxicity affects a significant percentage of renal grafts as early as in the first year after transplantation. Scr and GFR does not adequately reflect the degree of the toxic graft damage. Protocol biopsies seem to be a good tool for the detection of CI toxicity and for the control of its persistence.
- Klíčová slova
- kalcineurinové inhibitory, nefrotoxicita, sérový kreatinin, glomerulární filtrace, protokolární biopsie,
- MeSH
- biopsie využití MeSH
- financování organizované MeSH
- hodnoty glomerulární filtrace účinky léků MeSH
- inhibitory kalcineurinu MeSH
- kalcineurin terapeutické užití toxicita MeSH
- kreatinin krev MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- přežívání štěpu účinky léků MeSH
- prospektivní studie MeSH
- transplantace ledvin MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
OBJECTIVE AND DESIGN: Hightone external muscle stimulation (HTEMS) ameliorates pain and discomfort of patients with polyneuropathy. Since some patients reported about an urge to urinate during these treatments, the potential effects of HTEMS application on renal function were investigated. For this purpose in healthy subjects, we analyzed in the current study the acute effects of electrotherapy on parameters of renal function. INTERVENTIONS: 24 healthy volunteers (14 women and 10 men), mean age 26 ± 4 years, were enrolled. The protocol was composed of a run-in period, a pre-treatment period, the active HTEMS treatment period of both lower extremities and the post-treatment period. The duration of each period was 60 min. Urine collection and blood samples were taken at the beginning and end of each period. To achieve a sufficient diuresis, the fluid intake was adapted to the amount of diuresis. Parameters of renal function included diuresis, glomerular filtration rate (endogenous creatinine clearance) and absolute and fractional sodium excretion. Moreover blood pressure and heart rate were monitored. RESULTS: HTEMS led to a significant increase of creatinine clearance and fractional sodium excretion which was limited to the active treatment period. CONCLUSION: These findings show for the first time that HTEMS can transiently increase glomerular filtration rate associated with a decreased tubular sodium reabsorption. The underlying mechanisms are to be elucidated.
- MeSH
- diuréza fyziologie MeSH
- dospělí MeSH
- elektrostimulační terapie metody MeSH
- hodnoty glomerulární filtrace fyziologie MeSH
- kosterní svaly inervace fyziologie MeSH
- krevní tlak fyziologie MeSH
- ledviny fyziologie MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mladý dospělý MeSH
- močení fyziologie MeSH
- pilotní projekty MeSH
- prospektivní studie MeSH
- referenční hodnoty MeSH
- sodík moč MeSH
- srdeční frekvence fyziologie MeSH
- Check Tag
- dospělí MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mladý dospělý MeSH
- mužské pohlaví MeSH
- ženské pohlaví MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- klinické zkoušky MeSH
Nemocní s chronickým onemocněním ledvin (CKD) jsou ve zvýšené míře ohroženi nežádoucími účinky léků a lékovými interakcemi. Patofyziologické změny způsobené CKD ovlivňují řadu farmakokinetických vlastností léčiv. K nepříznivě změněným farmakokinetickým parametrům patří snížená glomerulární filtrace1 (GF) a změněná tubulární sekrece a reabsorbce. Před nasazením nového léku u nemocného s CKD se obecně doporučuje následující schéma: stanovení renálních funkcí (nejlépe clearance kreatininu), zjištění způsobu eliminace léčiva, výpočet iniciální a udržovací dávky léčiva, kontrola plazmatické hladiny a případně úprava dávkování. U léků eliminovaných ledvinami se dávkovací schéma upravuje snížením dávky léku, prodloužením intervalu mezi podáním jednotlivých dávek nebo kombinací obou metod. Častým problémem je volba vhodného léčiva u dialyzovaných nemocných. Zde je nutno zohlednit kromě míry vazby léčiva na plazmatické bílkoviny a molekulární hmotnost také řadu dalších aspektů daných např. anurií a z toho vyplývající nutností omezeného přívodu tekutin. Výběr vhodného léčiva a zvolení adekvátního dávkování je nezbytným předpokladem prevence nežádoucích účinků a docílení optimálního terapeutického efektu.
Patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) are more threatened by drug adverse effects and interactions. Pathophysiological changes caused by CKD influence many pharmacokinetics properties, resulting in diminished glomerural filtration rate (GF) and altered tubular secretion and reabsorbtion. Before setting a patient on a new drug, next scheme is recommended: estimating renal functions (preferably creatinine clearance), evaluation of drug clearance and estimating initial and maintenance dose, checking of plasma level, and dose revision, if appropriate. In renal-excreted drugs, dosing scheme may be adjusted by dose reducing, interval prolongation or both. Choosing a suitable drug in dialysed patients is a common problem. It is neccessary to consider binding to plasma albumin, molecular weight as well as many further aspects, e.g. determined by anuria and consequent need of water restriction. Selection of a suitable drug and adequate dosing is essential for preventing adverse effects and obtaining optimal therapeutic effect.
- MeSH
- chronické selhání ledvin epidemiologie farmakoterapie metabolismus MeSH
- dialýza ledvin MeSH
- farmakoterapie metody MeSH
- hodnoty glomerulární filtrace účinky léků MeSH
- léčivé přípravky aplikace a dávkování metabolismus MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- metabolická clearance účinky léků MeSH
- terapeutická ekvivalence MeSH
- vyšetření funkce ledvin metody MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- Publikační typ
- přehledy MeSH
BACKGROUND: Hyperchloremia produces renal vasoconstriction and fall in glomerular filtration rate. In 90% of brain-dead organ donors, diabetes insipidus develops, characterized by inappropriate diuresis, hyperosmolality, and hyperchloremia. The aim of this study was to determine the relationship between the serum concentration of chlorides of the donor and the onset of the function of the kidney allograft in the recipient. METHODS: We retrospectively studied 213 donors and kidney allograft recipients. Serum creatinine concentrations and glomerular filtration rates on the 1st, 7th, and 30th days after transplantation of the recipients from hyperchloremic donors were compared with the recipients from normochloremic donors, as well as the incidences of acute tubular necrosis and delayed graft function. RESULTS: On the 1st day, serum creatinine concentrations of the recipients from hyperchloremic and normochloremic donors, respectively, were 448.2 ± 212.1 μmol/L and 502.2 ± 197.8 μmol/L (P = .1), on the 7th day, 168.6 ± 102.6 μmol/L and 196.9 ± 120.6 μmol/L (P = .13), and on the 30th day, 129.4 ± 43.3 μmol/L and 131.8 ± 43.6 μmol/L (P = .73). The differences were statistically significant. The groups also did not differ significantly in glomerular filtration rates and incidences of acute tubular necrosis and delayed graft function. CONCLUSIONS: In this study, no significant correlation between serum chloride concentrations of the organ donors and the onset of the function of kidney allografts in the recipients was found.
- MeSH
- acidóza komplikace patofyziologie MeSH
- akutní tubulární nekróza krev epidemiologie etiologie MeSH
- alografty patofyziologie MeSH
- chloridy krev fyziologie MeSH
- dárci tkání * MeSH
- dospělí MeSH
- hodnoty glomerulární filtrace MeSH
- incidence MeSH
- kreatinin krev MeSH
- ledviny patofyziologie MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mozková smrt patofyziologie MeSH
- opožděný nástup funkce štěpu krev epidemiologie etiologie MeSH
- pooperační komplikace krev epidemiologie etiologie MeSH
- retrospektivní studie MeSH
- transplantace ledvin * MeSH
- vyšetření funkce ledvin MeSH
- výsledek terapie MeSH
- Check Tag
- dospělí MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mužské pohlaví MeSH
- ženské pohlaví MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
BACKGROUND: The number of older people with cognitive impairment is increasing worldwide. Impaired lung function might be associated with cognitive decline in older age; however, results from large longitudinal studies are lacking. In this study, we examined the longitudinal associations between pulmonary function and the trajectories of cognitive decline using prospective population-based SHARE data from 14 countries. METHODS: The analytic sample included N = 32,049 older adults (Mean age at baseline = 64.76 years). The dependent variable was cognitive performance, measured repeatedly across six waves in three domains: verbal fluency, memory, and numeracy. The main predictor of interest was peak expiratory flow (PEF). The data were analyzed in a multilevel accelerated longitudinal design, with models adjusted for a variety of covariates. RESULTS: A lower PEF score was associated with lower cognitive performance for each domain as well as a lower global cognitive score. These associations remained statistically significant after adjusting for all covariates Q4 vs Q1 verbal fluency: unstandardized coefficient B = -3.15; numeracy: B = -0.52; memory: B = -0.64; global cognitive score B = -2.65, all p < .001). However, the PEF score was not found to be associated with the rate of decline for either of the cognitive outcomes. CONCLUSIONS: In this large multi-national longitudinal study, the PEF score was independently associated with lower levels of cognitive functions, but it did not predict a future decline. The results suggest that pre-existing differences in lung functions are responsible for variability in cognitive functions and that these differences remained stable across aging.
- MeSH
- kognice MeSH
- kognitivní dysfunkce * epidemiologie MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- longitudinální studie MeSH
- plíce MeSH
- prospektivní studie MeSH
- senioři MeSH
- stárnutí * psychologie MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- senioři MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
UNLABELLED: Fluid retention is a major characteristic of symptomatic, progressive heart failure when a main factor implicated in the pathogenesis of renal dysfunction is renal hypoperfusion. This may be a consequence of forward cardiac failure, resulting in a low cardiac output integrating poor left ventricular function secondary to myocardial impairment and increased resistance in the regional renal vasculature secondary to locally released vasoconstrictors, e.g. endothelin. So far, the role of the pulmonary circulation in perpetuating renal dysfunction in heart failure is unclear. METHODS: We investigated the relationship of hemodynamic variables obtained during right heart catheterization and plasma big endothelin levels to renal function variables in 18 male patients aged 52 +/- 3 years, with heart failure in the NYHA function class III-IV, based on idiopathic causes in 8 and ischemic causes in 10 patients. Renal plasma flow (RPF) was established by paraaminohippurate (PAH) clearance and the glomerular filtration rate (GFR) was measured by iothalamate clearance. RESULTS: Plasma big endothelin (ET) levels were increased above the upper normal range (1.8 fmol/ml) in 16 out of 18 patients, averaging 5.0 +/- 0.8 fmol/ml (1.7-11.9 fmol/ml). Positive correlations to big ET plasma levels were detected with mean pulmonary pressure (r = 0.73, p < 0.001) pulmonary capillary wedge pressure (r = 0.56, p < 0.05) and pulmonary vascular resistance index (r = 0.69, p < 0.01). Glomerular filtration rate (70 +/- 7 ml/min) and renal plasma flow (358 +/- 36 ml/min) were considerably reduced and exhibited a tendency to correlate inversely with big ET levels (r = -0.46, p = 0.056 and r = -0.44, p = 0.069, respectively). Contrary to expectations, RPF did not correlate significantly with cardiac index, systemic vascular resistance index or arterial blood pressure. In contrast, significant correlations were detected of RPF with pulmonary capillary wedge pressure (r = -0.69, p < 0.01), mean pulmonary artery pressure (r = -0.65, p < 0.01), right atrial pressure (r = -0.47, p < 0.05) and right ventricular ejection fraction (r = 0.49, p < 0.05). CONCLUSION: The findings suggest a role for endothelin in renal vasoconstriction and accord well with the concept that in severe heart failure renal hypoperfusion--by volume retention--as well as increased endothelin synthesis--by pulmonary vasoconstriction--play a part in the increased pulmonary filling pressures.
- MeSH
- cévní rezistence fyziologie MeSH
- endotelin-1 MeSH
- endoteliny * krev MeSH
- funkce levé komory srdeční fyziologie MeSH
- funkce pravé komory srdeční fyziologie MeSH
- hemodynamika * fyziologie MeSH
- hodnoty glomerulární filtrace fyziologie MeSH
- ischemie patofyziologie MeSH
- ledviny krevní zásobení MeSH
- lidé středního věku MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- plicní oběh fyziologie MeSH
- plicní tlak v zaklínění fyziologie MeSH
- proteinové prekurzory * krev MeSH
- renální insuficience * patofyziologie MeSH
- srdeční selhání * patofyziologie MeSH
- vodní a elektrolytová rovnováha fyziologie MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé středního věku MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mužské pohlaví MeSH
In some taxa, males perform multiple ejaculations, which may function in sperm competition or in maintaining a baseline density of spermatozoa in the female reproductive tract to ensure fertilization, a process that has been termed 'topping up'. We investigated the function of multiple ejaculations in two species of bitterling, the European bitterling (Rhodeus amarus) and Chinese rose bitterling (Rhodeus ocellatus). Bitterling oviposit in living freshwater mussels, with fertilization taking place within the mussel gill cavity. Thus, although fertilization is external, the mussel is analogous to the female reproductive tract in an internally fertilizing species. We measured the frequency of ejaculations and mussel inspections by individual males of two bitterling species in 28 replicated mesocosms and examined focal male responses to rival ejaculations and the presence of females in spawning condition. We used a model of ejaculatory behaviour to simulate the temporal abundance of spermatozoa in mussels. Male R. amarus exhibited high rates of ejaculation and inspection of the siphons of mussels and increased their ejaculation rate in response to the presence of females in spawning condition. Rhodeus ocellatus showed lower overall rates of ejaculation, but significantly elevated ejaculation rate in response to rival ejaculations. The ejaculatory strategy of R. amarus is one that maintains a minimum level of spermatozoa in mussels, which is elevated when the probability of oviposition increases. In contrast, R. ocellatus engages more directly in sperm competition with rivals. We discuss these results in the context of the function of multiple ejaculations and male mating tactics.
- MeSH
- biologické modely MeSH
- Cyprinidae fyziologie MeSH
- ejakulace fyziologie MeSH
- kladení vajíček MeSH
- sexuální chování zvířat fyziologie MeSH
- spermie fyziologie MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- mužské pohlaví MeSH
- ženské pohlaví MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH