• MeSH
• Biology MeSH
• Space Flight MeSH
• Extraterrestrial Environment MeSH
• Publication type
• Periodical MeSH

• Conspectus
• Biologické vědy
• NML Fields
• biologie

• MeSH
• Congresses as Topic MeSH
• Space Flight MeSH
• Extraterrestrial Environment MeSH
• Publication type
• Periodical MeSH

• Conspectus
• Dopravní prostředky
• NML Fields
• hyperbarická a letecká medicína

On the Earth, protection from cosmic radiation is provided by the magnetosphere and the atmosphere, but the radiation exposure increases with increasing altitude. Aircrew and especially space crew members are therefore exposed to an increased level of ionising radiation. Dosimetry onboard aircraft and spacecraft is however complicated by the presence of neutrons and high linear energy transfer particles. Film and thermoluminescent dosimeters, routinely used for ground-based personnel, do not reliably cover the range of particle types and energies found in cosmic radiation. Further, the radiation field onboard aircraft and spacecraft is not constant; its intensity and composition change mainly with altitude, geomagnetic position and solar activity (marginally also with the aircraft/spacecraft type, number of people aboard, amount of fuel etc.). The European Union Council directive 96/29/Euroatom of 1996 specifies that aircrews that could receive dose of >1 mSv y(-1) must be evaluated. The dose evaluation is routinely performed by computer programs, e.g. CARI-6, EPCARD, SIEVERT, PCAire, JISCARD and AVIDOS. Such calculations should however be carefully verified and validated. Measurements of the radiation field in aircraft are thus of a great importance. A promising option is the long-term deployment of active detectors, e.g. silicon spectrometer Liulin, TEPC Hawk and pixel detector Timepix. Outside the Earth's protective atmosphere and magnetosphere, the environment is much harsher than at aviation altitudes. In addition to the exposure to high energetic ionising cosmic radiation, there are microgravity, lack of atmosphere, psychological and psychosocial components etc. The milieu is therefore very unfriendly for any living organism. In case of solar flares, exposures of spacecraft crews may even be lethal. In this paper, long-term measurements of the radiation environment onboard Czech aircraft performed with the Liulin since 2001, as well as measurements and simulations of dose rates on and outside the International Space Station were presented. The measured and simulated results are discussed in the context of health impact.

• MeSH
• Atmosphere MeSH
• Radiation Dosage * MeSH
• Phantoms, Imaging MeSH
• Spacecraft MeSH
• Cosmic Radiation * MeSH
• Space Flight * MeSH
• Aircraft MeSH
• Aerospace Medicine * MeSH
• Humans MeSH
• Linear Energy Transfer MeSH
• Neutrons MeSH
• Occupational Exposure * MeSH
• Radiation Exposure * MeSH
• Radiometry instrumentation   methods   MeSH
• Solar Activity MeSH
• Software MeSH
• Check Tag
• Humans MeSH
• Publication type
• Journal Article MeSH
• Review MeSH

Cílem prezentovaného výzkumného šetření bylo analyzovat názory respondentů na pracovní podmínky, psycho-sociální a zdravotní aspekty práce v kancelářích typu open space. Pro sběr dat byla využita metoda dotazníku, respondenty byli zaměstnanci pracující ve velkoprostorových kancelářích splňujících podmínky definici open space office. V odpovědích respondenti uvedli zejména omezenou možnost odpočinku a relaxace, nespokojenost se světelnými podmínkami pracoviště. V oblasti akustických podmínek bylo nespokojeno 68,1 % respondentů a v oblasti mikroklimatu 69,1 % respondentů. Identifikace zaměstnanců s pracovištěm typu open space byla velmi individuální, práce v kancelářích typu open space vyhovuje či spíše vyhovuje 38,3 % respondentů, nevyhovuje či spíše nevyhovuje 56,4 % respondentů. Klíčová slova: pracoviště open space – pracovní podmínky – psychosociální aspekty – zdravotní aspekty – zaměstnanci

Objective of the present research survey was to analyze opinions of respondents concerning working conditions, psycho-social and medical aspects of the open type space kinds of offices. For the collection of data the authors used the questionnaire method and the respondents represented employees working in the large-space offices fulfilling the criteria of open space office. In their answer the responders stated mainly the limited possibility to have a rest, to relax, and dissatisfaction with the illumination conditions at the wo­rkplace. In the area of acoustic conditions, 68.1% of the respondents were not satisfied similarly to 69.1% respondents in the area of microclimate. Identification of the employees with the open space type of workplace proved to be individually different, and 38.3% respondents considered the place convenient or rather convenient, whereas 56% respondents felt the place inconvenient or rather inconvenient. Keywords: open space workplace – working conditions – psycho-social aspects – medical aspects – employees

• Keywords
• pracoviště open space, psychosociální aspekty, zdravotní aspekty,
• MeSH
• Adult MeSH
• Environmental Health * MeSH
• Noise, Occupational MeSH
• Occupational Health * MeSH
• Middle Aged MeSH
• Humans MeSH
• Young Adult MeSH
• Lighting MeSH
• Workplace * MeSH
• Working Conditions MeSH
• Surveys and Questionnaires MeSH
• Relaxation MeSH
• Statistics as Topic MeSH
• Ventilation MeSH
• Employee Grievances * MeSH
• Check Tag
• Adult MeSH
• Middle Aged MeSH
• Humans MeSH
• Young Adult MeSH
• Male MeSH
• Female MeSH

• MeSH
• Environmental Pollutants toxicity   MeSH
• Aerospace Medicine MeSH
• Polymers adverse effects   MeSH
• Environment, Controlled analysis   MeSH
• Air Pollution MeSH

Ionizing radiation is recognized to be one of the main health concerns for humans in the space radiation environment. Estimation of space radiation effects on health requires the accurate knowledge of the accumulated absorbed dose, which depends on the global space radiation distribution, solar cycle and local shielding generated by the 3D mass distribution of the space vehicle. This paper presents an overview of the spectrometer-dosimeters of the Liulin type, which were developed in the late 1980s and have been in use since then. Two major measurement systems have been developed by our team. The first one is based on one silicon detector and is known as a Liulin-type deposited energy spectrometer (DES) (Dachev et al., 2002, 2003), while the second one is a dosimetric telescope (DT) with two or three silicon detectors. The Liulin-type instruments were calibrated using a number of radioactive sources and particle accelerators. The main results of the calibrations are presented in the paper. In the last section of the paper some of the most significant scientific results obtained in space and on aircraft, balloon and rocket flights since 1989 are presented.

• MeSH
• Radiation Dosage * MeSH
• Radiation, Ionizing MeSH
• Spacecraft MeSH
• Cosmic Radiation * MeSH
• Space Flight MeSH
• Humans MeSH
• Extraterrestrial Environment MeSH
• Radiation Monitoring instrumentation   methods   MeSH
• Radiometry instrumentation   methods   MeSH
• Solar Activity MeSH
• Check Tag
• Humans MeSH
• Publication type
• Journal Article MeSH
• Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't MeSH
• Review MeSH

Pracovní pohoda na pracovišti je nezbytnou podmínkou pro co nejvyšší výkon zaměstnanců. V současné době si praxe všímá většího počtu pracovišť typu open space, které jsou často v moderních budovách s proskleným obvodovým pláštěm. Napříč diskutovanými výhodami tohoto uspořádání pracovišť, jako je lepší týmová práce a lepší vzájemná komunikace mezi zaměstnanci, jsou v těchto administrativních budovách ve velké míře zaznamenané problémy a stížnosti na kvalitu vnitřního prostředí pracovišť. Z fyzikálních faktorů pracovního prostředí jde hlavně o nevyhovující mikroklima, špatné osvětlení, vzájemné rušení se hlukem a špatnou kvalitu vzduchu. Negativní působení faktorů prostředí na člověka zde může být ovlivněno i psychickým faktorem, vyvolaným ztrátou soukromí, nemožností si "vyvětrat podle potřeby", nesnášenlivostí klimatizace apod. Ve výsledku je dosaženo pravého opaku - ne týmová práce s maximální produktivitou, ale nižší pracovní výkon i zhoršené vztahy na pracovišti.

Well-being in the workplace is a prerequisite for the maximum performance of workers. Currently, the practice notes a higher number of open space type workplaces which are often in modern buildings with a glass envelope. In spite of the discussed benefits of this workplace arrangement, such as better teamwork and better communication between employees, problems and complaints are reported about the quality of the indoor environment from such administrative buildings. Of the physical factors of the working environment, microclimate, poor lighting, interference with noise and poor quality of air are the main factors which can cause deterioration of the working environment. Negative effects of environmental factors on humans can be influenced also by a psychological factor, due to the loss of privacy, the inability to "ventilate as needed", the inconvenience of air conditioning etc. As a result, the opposite is achieved - not teamwork with maximum productivity, but lower work performance and poorer relationships at the workplace.

• Keywords
• open space,
• MeSH
• Environmental Health * MeSH
• Noise, Occupational MeSH
• Occupational Health * MeSH
• Humans MeSH
• Workplace * MeSH
• Ventilation methods   MeSH
• Air Pollution, Indoor MeSH
• Check Tag
• Humans MeSH
• Publication type
• Review MeSH

• MeSH
• Safety MeSH
• Transportation methods   MeSH
• Health Maintenance Organizations MeSH
• Cities MeSH
• Environment MeSH
• Publication type
• Review MeSH
• Geographicals
• Cities MeSH

• MeSH
• Biological Science Disciplines * MeSH
• Extraterrestrial Environment MeSH
• Radiation Effects MeSH
• Ecological Systems, Closed MeSH
• Publication type
• Periodical MeSH

• Conspectus
• Biologické vědy
• NML Fields
• biologie

Progress in the development of high-performance semiconductor radiation imaging pixel detectors based on technologies developed for use in high-energy physics applications has enabled the development of a completely new generation of compact low-power active dosimeters and area monitors for use in space radiation environments. Such detectors can provide real-time information concerning radiation exposure, along with detailed analysis of the individual particles incident on the active medium. Recent results from the deployment of detectors based on the Timepix from the CERN-based Medipix2 Collaboration on the International Space Station (ISS) are reviewed, along with a glimpse of developments to come. Preliminary results from Orion MPCV Exploration Flight Test 1 are also presented.

• MeSH
• Radiation Dosage MeSH
• Equipment Design MeSH
• Spacecraft MeSH
• Cosmic Radiation * MeSH
• Space Flight MeSH
• Radiation Monitoring instrumentation   methods   MeSH
• Radiometry methods   MeSH
• Thermoluminescent Dosimetry methods   MeSH
• Publication type
• Journal Article MeSH
• Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't MeSH
• Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S. MeSH