Environmental pollution is a serious problem that can cause sicknesses, fatality, and biological contaminants such as bacteria, which can trigger allergic reactions and infectious illnesses. There is also evidence that environmental pollutants can have an impact on the gut microbiome and contribute to the development of various mental health and metabolic disorders. This study aimed to study the antibiotic resistance and virulence potential of environmental Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P. aeruginosa) isolates in slaughterhouses. A total of 100 samples were collected from different slaughterhouse tools. The samples were identified by cultural and biochemical tests and confirmed by the VITEK 2 system. P. aeruginosa isolates were further confirmed by CHROMagarTM Pseudomonas and genetically by rpsL gene analysis. Molecular screening of virulence genes (fimH, papC, lasB, rhlI, lasI, csgA, toxA, and hly) and antibiotic resistance genes (blaCTX-M, blaAmpC, blaSHV, blaNDM, IMP-1, aac(6')-Ib-, ant(4')IIb, mexY, TEM, tetA, and qnrB) by PCR and testing the antibiotic sensitivity, biofilm formation, and production of pigments, and hemolysin were carried out in all isolated strains. A total of 62 isolates were identified as P. aeruginosa. All P. aeruginosa isolates were multidrug-resistant and most of them have multiple resistant genes. blaCTX-M gene was detected in all strains; 23 (37.1%) strains have the ability for biofilm formation, 33 strains had virulence genes, and 26 isolates from them have more than one virulence genes. There should be probably 60 (96.8%) P. aeruginosa strains that produce pyocyanin pigment. Slaughterhouse tools are sources for multidrug-resistant and virulent pathogenic microorganisms which are a serious health problem. Low-hygienic slaughterhouses could be a reservoir for resistance and virulence genes which could then be transferred to other pathogens.
- MeSH
- Anti-Bacterial Agents * pharmacology MeSH
- Drug Resistance, Bacterial genetics MeSH
- Biofilms drug effects growth & development MeSH
- Virulence Factors * genetics MeSH
- Abattoirs * MeSH
- Microbial Sensitivity Tests * MeSH
- Environmental Microbiology MeSH
- Pseudomonas aeruginosa * genetics drug effects pathogenicity isolation & purification MeSH
- Virulence genetics MeSH
- Animals MeSH
- Check Tag
- Animals MeSH
- Publication type
- Journal Article MeSH
The aim of the current study was to screen and identify heavy metal (chromium, cadmium, and lead) associated bacteria from petroleum-contaminated soil of district Muzaffarabad, Azad Jammu and Kashmir, Pakistan to develop ecofriendly technology for contaminated soil remediation. The petroleum-contaminated soil was collected from 99 different localities of district Muzaffarabad and the detection of heavy metals via an atomic absorption spectrometer. The isolation and identification of heavy metals-associated bacteria were done via traditional and molecular methods. Resistogram and antibiogram analysis were also performed using agar well diffusion and agar disc diffusion methods. The isolated bacteria were classified into species, i.e., B. paramycoides, B. albus, B. thuringiensis, B. velezensis, B. anthracis, B. pacificus Burkholderia arboris, Burkholderia reimsis, Burkholderia aenigmatica, and Streptococcus agalactiae. All heavy metals-associated bacteria showed resistance against both high and low concentrations of chromium while sensitive towards high and low concentrations of lead in the range of 3.0 ± 0.0 mm to 13.0 ± 0.0 mm and maximum inhibition was recorded when cadmium was used. Results revealed that some bacteria showed sensitivity towards Sulphonamides, Norfloxacin, Erythromycin, and Tobramycin. It was concluded that chromium-resistant bacteria could be used as a favorable source for chromium remediation from contaminated areas and could be used as a potential microbial filter.
- MeSH
- Anti-Bacterial Agents * pharmacology MeSH
- Bacteria * drug effects classification isolation & purification genetics MeSH
- Chromium metabolism MeSH
- Cadmium analysis MeSH
- Soil Pollutants * analysis MeSH
- Microbial Sensitivity Tests * MeSH
- Lead MeSH
- Soil chemistry MeSH
- Soil Microbiology * MeSH
- Petroleum microbiology analysis MeSH
- Metals, Heavy * pharmacology analysis MeSH
- Publication type
- Journal Article MeSH
- Geographicals
- Pakistan MeSH
Litomyšlská nemocnice, a. s., oddělení infekční diagnostiky používá od roku 2003 analyzátor antibiogramů BACMED 4i. Zkušenosti s analyzátorem jsou předmětem následujícího sdělení. Digitální kamera pomohla od samého začátku používání pro zkvalitnění metody laboratorního zhotovení antibiogramů. Rozhodli jsme se pro standardizaci takové kvality, kdy není problém každý antibiogram dokumentovat, k archivům se vracet, porovnávat provedení individuální zručnosti, odpovědnosti a především analýzy pro antibiotickou terapii nemocných. Důkladným pravidelným prohlížením antibiogramů na fotografii za použití zoomu se podařilo odstraňovat postupně i drobné odchylky provedeného diskového difuzního testu stanovení citlivosti. Společným prohlížením fotografií se zrodila řada opatření, jak získat antibiogramy, které svojí kvalitou lze považovat za ukázku standardizace laboratoře. Nyní se domníváme, že bez dokumentace lze „vyhodnotit každý provedený antibiogram“, ale s archívní dokumentací se některé testy provádějí opakovaně až splňují metodickou kvalitu.
Jedním z největších problémů současné medicíny je extrémní nárůst rezistence bakterií k antibiotikům. Léčba antibiotiky se tak výrazně komplikuje, a to nejen u pacientů na jednotkách intenzivní péče. Ale i v komunitě. Pro zachování účinnosti stávajících antibiotik je nutná multioborová spolupráce, jak na úrovni diagnostiky infekcí, tak především správné volby antibiotik, aby byla používána pouze na léčbu bakteriálních infekcí, nikoliv kolonizace pacienta. Antibiotický stewardship se stává etickým imperativem a mezi jeho klíčové prvky patří i kumulativní antibiogramy, které pomáhají při racionálním výběru antibiotik v iniciální terapii, jestliže konkrétní výsledky u daného pacienta nejsou ještě k dispozici. Avšak tvorba kumulativních antibiogramů není jasně definovaná, k dispozici jsou pouze americká doporučení, která nejsou zcela odpovídající potřebám klinické mikrobiologie u hospitalizovaných pacientů. Cílem práce je prezentovat možná úskalí tvorby kumulativních antibiogramů s ohledem na jediné existující doporučení CLSI a návrh doporučení pro jejich přípravu v ČR.
In today’s medicine, one of the main challenges is an extreme increase in bacterial resistance, making antibiotic treatment in both intensive care units and in the community considerably more difficult. To maintain the efficacy of existing antibiotics, close interdisciplinary cooperation is crucial for diagnosing infectious diseases as well as for selecting appropriate antibiotics so that these are only used for treating bacterial infections, not natural bacterial colonization. Antibiotic stewardship has become an ethical imperative, with cumulative antibiograms being one of its core elements. Cumulative antibiograms help with rational choice of antibiotics for initial therapy when the patient’s results are still pending. However, preparation of cumulative antibiograms is not clearly defined. Only two American guidelines are available that do not correspond with the needs of clinical microbiology in hospitalized patients. The article aims to present the potential pitfalls of preparing cumulative antibiograms based on the only CLSI guidelines and a draft of recommendation for their preparation in the Czech Republic.
Cíl: Vyhodnotit účinnost diskového difuzního testu pro epidemiologickou ivpizaci nemocničních kmenů komplexu Acinelobacter calcoaceticus Acinelobacter haumannii. Metodika: Antibiotika pro typizaci byla vybrána z 18 preparátů podle distribučních charakteristik a vzájemné korelace u epidemiologicky heterogenniho souboru kmenů (n = 103). Sestavy průměrů inhibičních zón (kvantitativní antibiogramy) byly porovnány pomocí shlukové analýzy s euklidovskou vzdáleností (E) jako koeficientem podobnosti. Rozlišovací účinnost kvantitativního antibiogramu a dalších epidemiologických markerů byla vypočtena pomocí diskriminačního indexu (D) pro 57 epidemiologicky nesouvisejících kmenů. Stabilita a epidemiologická konkordance byla analyzována u devíti skupin, z nichž každá zahrnovala pouze izoláty s epidemiologickou vazbou (n = 46). Výsledky: Typizační sestava zahrnovala 11 antibiotik (ampicilin+sulbaktam, piperacilin, ceftazidim, imipenem, ko-trimoxazol, ofloxacin, gentamicin, tobramycin, amikacin, netilmicin a tetracyklín). Reprodukovatelnost kvanfitativního antibiogramu byla 97 % při E < 8. Ve srovnání s ribotypizací a biotypizací dosáhla tato metoda nejvyšší rozlišovací účinnost pro multirezistentní kmeny A. haumannii (D = 0,95). Výsledkem numerické analýzy kvantitativních antibiogramu u 46 multirezistentnich izolátů A. baumannii bylo osm zřetelně odlišených shluků. Sedm shluků zahrnovalo pouze izoláty s epidemiologickou vazbou a shodným genotypem, jeden shluk obsahoval izoláty dvou biochemicky i genotypově odlišných skupin a dva izoláty zůstaly z důvodu nestability rezistence nezařazeny. Závěr: Analýza kvantitativních antibiogramu je vhodnou metodou typizace multirezistentnich kmenů A. haumannii. Má vysokou rozlišovací účinnost a umožňuje diferencovat kmeny s podobným genotypem. Meze metody vyplývají z nestability markerů rezistence a fenotypové konvergence.
Objective: To assess the efficacy of the disk diffusion lest in epidemiologital typing of hospital strains of the Acinetohacter calcoaceticus Acinelohacter haumannii complex. Methods: The antibiotics for typing were selected from 18 drugs according to the distribufion characteristics and correlation in 103 epidemiologically unrelated strains. Sets of inhibition zone diameters, i.e. quantitative antibiograms, were compared using cluster analysis with Euclidian distance as the criterion of similarity. To evaluate the discriminatory power of the quantitative anfibiogram and other phenotypic and genotypic markers, discrimination indices (D) were calculated from the data obtained with 57 epidemiologically unrelated strains. Stability and epidemiologic concordance were tested in nine groups of epidemiologically related A. baumannii isolates (n = 46). Results: Eleven antibiotics were selected for typing: ampicillin+sulbactam, piperacillin, ceftazidime, imipenem, co-trimoxazole, ofloxacinin, gentamicin, tobramycin, amikacin, netilmicin and tetracycline. The reproducibility of the quantitative antibiograms was 97 % at the Euaclidian distance lower than or equal to 8. Compared to ribotyping and biotyping, the discriminatory power of quantitative anfibiogram typing was highest for the multiresistant strains of A. haumannii (D = 0,95). Numerical analysis of the antibiograms of 46 mulfiresistant A. baumannii isolates yielded eight disfinct clusters which correlated with the epidemiological data and genotypic properfies of the isolates. Each of seven clusters grouped c only epidemiologically related isolates, while one cluster united the isolates belonging to two genetically and epidemiologically distinct grouptps, and two isolates remained unclustered due to their instability in resistance. Conclusion: The similarity analysis of quantitative anfibiograms is a suitable tool for typing multiresistant strains of A. haumannii, having a high discriminatory power and potenfial for differenfiating strains with similar genotypes. Limits to the method are given by the instability of the resistance markers and phenotypic convergence.
- MeSH
- Acinetobacter physiology isolation & purification drug effects MeSH
- Anti-Bacterial Agents MeSH
- Cross Infection MeSH
- Humans MeSH
- Microbial Sensitivity Tests methods statistics & numerical data MeSH
- Drug Resistance, Multiple physiology MeSH
- Molecular Epidemiology MeSH
- Cluster Analysis MeSH
- Check Tag
- Humans MeSH
Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are one of the most common bacterial diseases both in communities and in hospitalized patients, and at the same, time they are one of the most common indications for the use of antibiotics. UTI guidelines are generally available nationally or internationally, but they do not address all aspects of UTI treatment for different patient cohorts, age, gender, or comorbidities. The aim of the study was to point out the importance of stratified cumulative antibiograms at the level of individual health care facilities and the significant differences between epidemiological data, not only at the national level, but also at the local level. Our study analyses data from 383 patients with UTIs from a hospital department, General University Hospital (GUH), and 272 patients from an outpatient medical facility, Urocentrum (UC). This analysis focuses on the most common UTI causative agent, Escherichia coli, its representation as the causative agent of UTI in patients with complicated acute cystitis (N30), and its representation in complicated acute cystitis in patients with prostate cancer (C61). In addition to the frequency of occurrence, a sub-analysis of the incidence of resistance of E. coli to commonly used antibiotics by age, gender, diagnosis, and medical facility was performed. Results: The most common causative agent of UTI was E. coli. In patients with N30, it was 70% in GUH and 54% in UC, but in oncological patients with UTI, it was only 39% and 35%, respectively. In patients with UTI in C61, there was a significant difference in susceptibility of E. coli between individual health care facilities. Lower resistance was found in UC opposite to GUH isolates in ampicillin, with 29.8% vs. 65%, p = 0.001; amoxicillin/clavulanic acid, with 8.5% vs. 30%, p = 0.01; with 2.1% vs. 17.5% in pivmecillinam, p = 0.01; with 10.6% vs. 37.5% in co-trimoxazole, p = 0.003; and ciprofloxacin, with 10.6% vs. 30%, p = 0.04. The study shows significant differences in the sensitivity of urinary E. coli isolates in patients in relation to age, gender, medical devices, and the presence of comorbidities.
- MeSH
- Anti-Bacterial Agents * therapeutic use MeSH
- Drug Resistance, Bacterial MeSH
- Adult MeSH
- Escherichia coli * drug effects isolation & purification MeSH
- Urinary Tract Infections * drug therapy microbiology epidemiology MeSH
- Escherichia coli Infections drug therapy MeSH
- Middle Aged MeSH
- Humans MeSH
- Microbial Sensitivity Tests * MeSH
- Aged, 80 and over MeSH
- Aged MeSH
- Check Tag
- Adult MeSH
- Middle Aged MeSH
- Humans MeSH
- Male MeSH
- Aged, 80 and over MeSH
- Aged MeSH
- Female MeSH
- Publication type
- Journal Article MeSH
Acta clinica Belgica, ISSN 0001-5512 suppl. 7, 1971
120 s. : il., tab., grafy ; 24 cm
NCCLS ; M24-T2 ; Vol.20,No.26
60 s.
NCCLS ; Vol.20,No.1 ; M2-A7
26 s.
