central tolerance Dotaz Zobrazit nápovědu
Východiska: Tento příspěvek se zabývá problematikou psychiky pacientů v průběhu nitrožilní léčby. Jelikož jakýkoliv zásah do fyzické integrity jedince se nutně musí odrazit i v jeho psychické rovině, rozhodli jsme se provést průzkum zabývající se tolerancí nitrožilní léčby u onkologicky nemocných. Zvláště jsme se pak zaměřili na snášenlivost dlouhodobých žilních vstupů. Soubor pacientů a metody: Cílem této studie bylo deskriptivně popsat povědomí pacientů o způsobu podání parenterálních léčiv, rizicích při aplikaci a rozdílech mezi podáním léčiv do centrálního a periferního řečiště. Ke sběru dat byl sestaven vlastní dotazník, který obsahoval 21 otázek. Následně byl rozdán pacientům na onkologickém oddělení a stacionáři onkologických ambulancí v nemocnici Nový Jičín. Pacienti podepsali informovaný souhlas se sběrem dat. V rámci analýzy dat pak bylo použito 100 validních dotazníků. Výsledky: Výsledky studie obecně poukazují na to, že pacienti nesnášejí žilní odběry a nitrožilní léčbu optimálně. Nemocní, kteří nějakou formu žilního vstupu mají, s ním jsou většinou spokojeni a vstup tak plní svůj cíl, tedy maximální komfort pacienta. Závěr: Z výsledků je patrné, že většina pacientů sice o možných alternativách aplikace parenterálních léčiv ví, nicméně jejich informace o této problematice jsou nedostatečné. Valná většina pacientů by zavedení dlouhodobého vstupu doporučila ostatním pacientům.
Background: This paper deals with the psyche of patients during intravenous therapy. Since any intervention in the physical integrity of individuals are necessarily reflected in their mental level, we decided to conduct a survey dealing with tolerance of intravenous therapy in cancer patients. Especially, we focused on long-term venous access devices tolerance. Patients and Methods: The aim of this study was to evaluate descriptively patients´ awareness of the administration of parenteral drugs, risks in the application and the differences between the administration of drugs to the central and peripheral venous system. To collect data, own questionnaire containing 21 questions was compiled. It was distributed to patients in the oncology department and outpatient oncology ward at the hospital Novy Jicin. Patients signed an informed consent for data collection. One hundred valid questionnaires were evaluated in the analysis of the data. Results: The results of the study generally indicate that patients do not tolerate venous sampling and intravenous therapy optimally. Patients who have some form of venous access device are mostly satisfied, as it fulfills its mandate of maximum patient comfort. Conclusion: The results indicate that most patients know alternatives to peripheral drugs application. However, awareness of this issue is inadequate. The vast majority of patients would recommend the introduction of long-term venous access device to other patients. Key words: vascular access devices – intravenous administration – psychological adaptation – drug tolerance The authors declare they have no potential conflicts of interest concerning drugs, products, or services used in the study. The Editorial Board declares that the manuscript met the ICMJE recommendation for biomedical papers. Submitted: 8. 7. 2015 Accepted: 4. 10. 2015
- Klíčová slova
- cévní vstupy,
- MeSH
- bolest psychologie MeSH
- cévní přístupy MeSH
- dospělí MeSH
- intravenózní podání * psychologie MeSH
- lidé středního věku MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mladý dospělý MeSH
- nádory * farmakoterapie psychologie MeSH
- pacienti psychologie MeSH
- pacientova volba * psychologie statistika a číselné údaje MeSH
- periferní katetrizace psychologie MeSH
- postoj ke zdraví MeSH
- průzkumy a dotazníky MeSH
- spokojenost pacientů statistika a číselné údaje MeSH
- strach MeSH
- úzkost MeSH
- vzdělávání pacientů jako téma MeSH
- zaváděcí katétry MeSH
- zdraví - znalosti, postoje, praxe MeSH
- Check Tag
- dospělí MeSH
- lidé středního věku MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mladý dospělý MeSH
- mužské pohlaví MeSH
- ženské pohlaví MeSH
Aim: The goal of this study was to establish the level of awareness amongst pregnant women in terms of preparation for an oral glucose tolerance test (oGTT), compare the results of two waves of data collection, and identify the most frequent preanalytical mistakes made in connection to the oGTT. Design: Comparison of 2 cross-sectional studies. Methods: From 2013-2017 two independent questionnaire studies were performed on a total of 477 pregnant women in the Olomouc and Zlín regions. A total of 225 respondents took part in Study 1 (2013-2014), and a total of 252 in Study 2 (2016-2017). Acquired data was analysed using descriptive statistics focused on the substantive significance of the results, as well as inference statistics. Results: Based on the sum index, the overall level of awareness had increased slightly amongst the women in Study 2 (by 0.41 points out of 5), Cohen's d = 0.3 suggests the effect was only mediocre. Fifteen erroneous processes were found. However, these had a decreasing trend once the guidelines had been unified. Conclusion: A more reliable performance of the oGTT in certified laboratories was declared by the respondents in Study 2. The level of awareness, and checking on their adherence to the regime before and during the course of measuring the oGTT in pregnant women was still inadequate. It is necessary to improve pregnant women's awareness of how to perform the oGTT correctly to ensure the least possible distortion of the results.
Substantial increases in cardiac output (CO), stroke volume (SV), and gastrointestinal blood flow are essential for euryhaline rainbow trout (Oncorhyncus mykiss) osmoregulation in seawater. However, the underlying hemodynamic mechanisms responsible for these changes are unknown. By examining a range of circulatory and cardiac morphological variables of seawater- and freshwater-acclimated rainbow trout, the present study revealed a significantly higher central venous pressure (CVP) in seawater-acclimated trout (~0.09 vs. -0.02 kPa). This serves to increase cardiac end-diastolic volume in seawater and explains the elevations in SV (~0.41 vs. 0.27 ml/kg) and CO (~21.5 vs. 14.2 ml·min(-1)·kg(-1)) when compared with trout in freshwater. Furthermore, these hemodynamic modifications coincided with a significant increase in the proportion of compact myocardium, which may be necessary to compensate for the increased wall tension associated with a larger stroke volume. Following a temperature increase from 10 to 16.5°C, both acclimation groups exhibited similar increases in heart rate (Q10 of ~2), but SV tended to decrease in seawater-acclimated trout despite the fact that CVP was maintained in both groups. This resulted in CO of seawater- and freshwater-acclimated trout stabilizing at a similar level after warming (~26 ml·min(-1)·kg(-1)). The consistently higher CVP of seawater-acclimated trout suggests that factors other than compromised cardiac filling constrained the SV and CO of these individuals at high temperatures. The present study highlights, for the first time, the complex interacting effects of temperature and water salinity on cardiovascular responses in a euryhaline fish species.
- MeSH
- centrální žilní tlak fyziologie MeSH
- minutový srdeční výdej fyziologie MeSH
- mořská voda * MeSH
- Oncorhynchus mykiss fyziologie MeSH
- osmoregulace fyziologie MeSH
- remodelace komor fyziologie MeSH
- tepový objem fyziologie MeSH
- tolerance k soli fyziologie MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- Klíčová slova
- ENCEPUR (BEHRINGWERKE),
- MeSH
- dítě MeSH
- dospělí MeSH
- klíšťová encefalitida MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- myši MeSH
- tvorba protilátek MeSH
- vakcinace MeSH
- virové vakcíny imunologie MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- dítě MeSH
- dospělí MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mužské pohlaví MeSH
- myši MeSH
- ženské pohlaví MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- klinické zkoušky MeSH
Príspevok sa venuje problematike tolerancie k odlišnostiam a prináša výsledky overovania efektívnosti programu rozvíjania multikultúrnej tolerancie u vysokoškolákov meraním ich postojov pred a po skončení programu. V úvodnej časti predkladá zistenia viacerých výsku-mov, ktoré sa venovali problematike tolerancie a intolerancie v stredoeurópskom priestore u rôznych skupín populácie. Opierajúc sa o výsledky, ktoré konštatovali zhoršenie vnímania cudzincov občanmi Slovenska, vznikol zámer vypracovať program rozvíjania multikultúr-nej tolerancie prostredníctvom kreatívnych skupinových aktivít. Podstatou programu bolo poskytnúť študentom edukatívnou a experienciálnou formou základnú orientáciu v prob-lematike tolerancie k odlišnostiam, prezentovať multikultúrnu toleranciu/intoleranciu ako súčasť dnešného sveta a rozvíjať sociálne zručnosti multikultúrnej komunikácie s inými typmi ľudí z hľadiska kultúry, národa, rasy, náboženstva či minority. Pôsobenie programu sa prejavilo pozitívne v zmene postojov mladých ľudí k odlišnostiam – štatisticky a vecne preukázateľne, keď priaznivo menilo postoje študentov k ľuďom z odlišných kultúr.
Following the theoretical and empirical findings, the aim of the study was to verify the shift in multicultural attitudes by observing the change towards tolerance in university students after applying the Stimulation Tolerance Program. In the introduction, the paper presents research findings on the issue of (in)tolerance in the Central European area in different population groups. Based on the results of research stating deterioration in perception of foreigners by Slovak citizens, the intention was to develop a program developing multicultural tolerance through creative group activities.The research sample consisted of 40 students in the 3rd year of bachelor study at the Faculty of Psychology, Pan ‑European University in Bratislava, with 5 men and 35 women. The aver-age age of students was 23 years (20–43 years). Students‘ attitudes were examined through the Semantic Differential Scale with five relevant concepts as stimuli: “I”, “Slovak citi-zen”, “Migrant”, “Refugee”, “Multicultural Tolerance”. Participants scored the concepts on a 7‑point scale between 12 pairs of bipolar adjectives. The Semantic Differential Scale was administered in the 1st week of the semester before the application of the 12-week program and the week after its end. The core of the program was to provide students with an educa-tional and experimental form of basic orientation on the issue of tolerance to differences, to present multicultural (in)tolerance as a part of today’s world and to develop social skills of multicultural communication with other groups of people in terms of culture, nation, race, religion or minority. The collected data were processed through the SPSS statistical program using descriptive statistics, non ‑parametric Wilcoxon test and measure of effect size.Findings have shown that the program has induced changes in students with more favourable perception of themselves (concept “I”). There have been changes on scale in three pairs of adjectives (beautiful – ugly, friendly – hostile, hot – cold), that were statistically significant and showed small/medium/large effect size. There were positive shifts in adjectives mighty, close, calm and hot in the concept “Slovak citizen”, that were on the edge of statistical signif-icance and effect size was small/medium. Even more positive significant average values of the meaning of the concept “Migrant” on all scales after the intervention programme indicate its effectiveness. Positive shifts were also found on all scales of the concept “Refugee” (except for the adjectives – active – passive). In four scales there is a moderate effect size, in one scale (friendly – hostile) there was a small effect size. The concept “Multicultural Tolerance” showed statistically significant positive changes in 10 out of 12 scales, very large effect size was noted in 6 scales.In line with other research, the intervention program has induced positive changes towards the personality maturity of students. Moreover, on the basis of new experiences with effec-tive behavioural patterns in social situations in a safe and supportive environment, students have acquired more favourable perceptions of themselves (as Slovaks) and other people (migrants, refugees). The most positive changes were found in the concept Multicultural Tolerance, which shows the positive impact of the program on students‘ attitudes towards cultural, social, ethnic, religious or racially different people.The differences in the results of both measurements (before and after the program) showed the effect of the implemented program in the direction of positive changes in attitudes of university students towards themselves, but also to other people in terms of a more tolerant perception of differences. The results confirmed the programme’s potential for developing attitudes in the area of tolerance and especially multicultural tolerance.
- MeSH
- dospělí MeSH
- emoce MeSH
- kulturní různorodost * MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mladý dospělý MeSH
- postoj etnologie MeSH
- předsudek etnologie psychologie MeSH
- průzkumy a dotazníky MeSH
- sémantický diferenciál MeSH
- sociální percepce MeSH
- studenti psychologie MeSH
- tolerance MeSH
- Check Tag
- dospělí MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mladý dospělý MeSH
- Geografické názvy
- Slovenská republika MeSH
BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: Prolactin-releasing peptide (PrRP) has a potential to decrease food intake and ameliorate obesity, but is ineffective after peripheral administration. We have previously shown that our novel lipidized analogs PrRP enhances its stability in the circulation and enables its central effect after peripheral application. The purpose of this study was to explore if sub-chronic administration of novel PrRP analog palmitoylated in position 11 (palm11-PrRP31) to Koletsky-spontaneously hypertensive obese rats (SHROB) could lower body weight and glucose intolerance as well as other metabolic parameters. SUBJECTS/METHODS: The SHROB rats (n = 16) were used for this study and age-matched hypertensive lean SHR littermates (n = 16) served as controls. Palm11-PrRP31 was administered intraperitoneally to SHR and SHROB (n = 8) at a dose of 5 mg/kg once-daily for 3 weeks. During the dosing period food intake and body weight were monitored. At the end of the experiment the oral glucose tolerance test was performed; plasma and tissue samples were collected. Thereafter, arterial blood pressure was measured. RESULTS: At the end of the experiment, vehicle-treated SHROB rats showed typical metabolic syndrome parameters, including obesity, glucose intolerance, dyslipidemia, and hypertension. Peripheral treatment with palm11-PrRP31 progressively decreased the body weight of SHR rats but not SHROB rats, though glucose tolerance was markedly improved in both strains. Moreover, in SHROB palm11-PrRP31 ameliorated the HOMA index, insulin/glucagon ratio, and increased insulin receptor substrate 1 and 2 expression in fat and insulin signaling in the hypothalamus, while it had no effect on blood pressure. CONCLUSIONS: We demonstrated that our new lipidized PrRP analog is capable of improving glucose tolerance in obese SHROB rats after peripheral application, suggesting that its effect on glucose metabolism is independent of leptin signaling and body weight lowering. These data suggest that this analog has the potential to be a compound with both anti-obesity and glucose-lowering properties.
- MeSH
- glukagon krev MeSH
- glukózový toleranční test MeSH
- hormon uvolňující prolaktin aplikace a dávkování analogy a deriváty farmakologie terapeutické užití MeSH
- hypertenze krev farmakoterapie MeSH
- inzulin krev metabolismus MeSH
- inzulinová rezistence MeSH
- krevní glukóza metabolismus MeSH
- krevní tlak účinky léků MeSH
- lipidy krev MeSH
- metabolický syndrom * krev farmakoterapie metabolismus MeSH
- mozek účinky léků metabolismus MeSH
- obezita * krev farmakoterapie MeSH
- porucha glukózové tolerance * krev farmakoterapie MeSH
- potkani inbrední SHR MeSH
- proteiny insulinového receptorového substrátu metabolismus MeSH
- tělesná hmotnost účinky léků MeSH
- tuková tkáň účinky léků metabolismus MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- mužské pohlaví MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
The gut is the biggest immune organ in the body that encloses commensal microbiota which aids in food digestion. Paneth cells, positioned at the frontline of host-microbiota interphase, can modulate the composition of microbiota. Paneth cells achieve this via the delivery of microbicidal substances, among which enteric α-defensins play the primary role. If microbiota is dysregulated, it can impact the function of the local mucosal immune system. Importantly, this system is also exposed to an enormous number of antigens which are derived from the gut-resident microbiota and processed food, and may potentially trigger undesirable local inflammatory responses. To understand the intricate regulations and liaisons between Paneth cells, microbiota and the immune system in this intestinal-specific setting, one must consider their mode of interaction in a wider context of regulatory processes which impose immune tolerance not only to self, but also to microbiota and food-derived antigens. These include, but are not limited to, tolerogenic mechanisms of central tolerance in the thymus and peripheral tolerance in the secondary lymphoid organs, and the intestine itself. Defects in these processes can compromise homeostasis in the intestinal mucosal immunity. In this review, which is focused on tolerance to intestinal antigens and its relevance for the pathogenesis of gut immune diseases, we provide an outline of such multilayered immune control mechanisms and highlight functional links that underpin their cooperative nature.
- MeSH
- alfa-defensiny biosyntéza imunologie farmakologie MeSH
- centrální tolerance MeSH
- dysbióza imunologie mikrobiologie prevence a kontrola MeSH
- exprese genu imunologie MeSH
- gastrointestinální trakt účinky léků imunologie mikrobiologie MeSH
- homeostáza imunologie MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- Panethovy buňky účinky léků imunologie mikrobiologie MeSH
- periferní tolerance * MeSH
- regulační T-lymfocyty imunologie mikrobiologie MeSH
- slizniční imunita účinky léků MeSH
- střevní mikroflóra imunologie MeSH
- symbióza imunologie MeSH
- zánět MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
- přehledy MeSH
Kysličník dusnatý (NO) je jedinečným buněčným poslem. NO hraje roli při morfogenezi mozku, reguluje synaptickou plasticitu, výbojovou aktivitu neuronů, výdej neurotransmiterů i hormonů. Způsobuje lokální vazodilataci. Může iniciovat neurotoxickou kaskádu, podílí se na řadě neurodegenerativních onemocnění mozku. V některých případech má naopak neuroprotektivní vliv. Je považován za jeden z mediátorů bolesti a spolupodílí se na vzniku drogové závislosti. Při stresu zprostředkovává snížení aktivity sympatiku v periferii.
Nitric oxide (NO) is a unique neurotransmitter. NO plays a key role in the brain morphogenesis. NO can regulate a synaptic plasticity, electrophysiological responses of neurons, and the release of other neurotransmitters and hormons. The release of NO causes the local vasodilatation. NO can iniciate the neurotoxic cascade. It plays a role in neurodegenerative diseases, but can play a neuroprotective role as well. NO is one of the „pain mediators“; it can increase the morphine tolerance. Stress-induced activation of the NO-producing neurons decreases the sympatic activity in the periphery.
- MeSH
- cévní přístupy MeSH
- fobie prevence a kontrola terapie MeSH
- katetrizace centrálních vén * psychologie MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- průzkumy a dotazníky MeSH
- strach MeSH
- zdravotní gramotnost MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- Publikační typ
- přehledy MeSH
