fungal pathogens
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Fungal pathogens are causal agents of numerous human, animal, and plant diseases. They employ various infection modes to overcome host defense systems. Infection mechanisms of different fungi have been subjected to many comprehensive studies. These investigations have been facilitated by the development of various '-omics' techniques, and proteomics has one of the leading roles in this regard. Fungal conidia and sclerotia could be considered the most important structures for pathogenesis as their germination is one of the first steps towards a host infection. They represent interesting objects for proteomic studies because of the presence of unique proteins with unexplored biotechnological potential required for pathogen viability, development and the subsequent host infection. Proteomic peculiarities of survival structures of different fungi, including those of biotechnological significance (e.g., Asperillus fumigatus, A. nidulans, Metarhizium anisopliae), in a dormant state, as well as changes in the protein production during early stages of fungal development are the subjects of the present review. We focused on biological aspects of proteomic studies of fungal survival structures rather than on an evaluation of proteomic approaches. For that reason, proteins that have been identified in this context are discussed from the point of view of their involvement in different biological processes and possible functions assigned to them. This is the first review paper summarizing recent advances in proteomics of fungal survival structures.
- MeSH
- biotechnologie MeSH
- fungální proteiny fyziologie MeSH
- houby růst a vývoj patogenita fyziologie MeSH
- interakce hostitele a patogenu fyziologie MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mycelium fyziologie MeSH
- proteom fyziologie MeSH
- proteomika metody MeSH
- spory hub fyziologie MeSH
- virulence fyziologie MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- přehledy MeSH
Clinical microbiology and infection, ISSN 1198-743X Volume 10, supplement 1, March 2004
117 stran : ilustrace ; 28 cm
- MeSH
- antifungální látky aplikace a dávkování MeSH
- dermatomykózy farmakoterapie MeSH
- Fusarium patogenita MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mykotické infekce centrálního nervového systému farmakoterapie MeSH
- mykózy farmakoterapie MeSH
- myokarditida farmakoterapie mikrobiologie MeSH
- oční infekce mykotické farmakoterapie MeSH
- osteomyelitida farmakoterapie mikrobiologie MeSH
- sinusitida farmakoterapie mikrobiologie MeSH
- zygomykóza farmakoterapie MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- MeSH
- houby patogenita MeSH
- imunosupresivní léčba škodlivé účinky MeSH
- infekce spojené se zdravotní péčí epidemiologie mikrobiologie patofyziologie MeSH
- katetrizace škodlivé účinky MeSH
- mykózy epidemiologie etiologie patofyziologie MeSH
- prognóza MeSH
- transplantace škodlivé účinky MeSH
- Publikační typ
- přehledy MeSH
Medically important pathogenic fungi invade vertebrate tissue and are considered primary when part of their nature life cycle is associated with an animal host and are usually able to infect immunocompetent hosts. Opportunistic fungal pathogens complete their life cycle in environmental habitats or occur as commensals within or on the vertebrate body, but under certain conditions can thrive upon infecting humans. The extent of host damage in opportunistic infections largely depends on the portal and modality of entry as well as on the host's immune and metabolic status. Diseases caused by primary pathogens and common opportunists, causing the top approximately 80% of fungal diseases [D. W. Denning, Lancet Infect Dis, 24:e428-e438, 2024, https://doi.org/10.1016/S1473-3099(23)00692-8], tend to follow a predictive pattern, while those by occasional opportunists are more variable. For this reason, it is recommended that diseases caused by primary pathogens and the common opportunists are named after the etiologic agent, for example, histoplasmosis and aspergillosis, while this should not be done for occasional opportunists that should be named as [causative fungus] [clinical syndrome], for example, Alternaria alternata cutaneous infection. The addition of a descriptor that identifies the location or clinical type of infection is required, as the general name alone may cover widely different clinical syndromes, for example, "rhinocerebral mucormycosis." A list of major recommended human and animal disease entities (nomenclature) is provided in alignment with their causative agents. Fungal disease names may encompass several genera of etiologic agents, consequently being less susceptible to taxonomic changes of the causative species, for example, mucormycosis covers numerous mucormycetous molds.
- MeSH
- houby * klasifikace patogenita MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mykózy * mikrobiologie MeSH
- oportunní infekce mikrobiologie MeSH
- terminologie jako téma * MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- přehledy MeSH
Fungal diseases seriously affect agricultural production and the food industry. Crop protection is usually achieved by synthetic fungicides, therefore more sustainable and innovative technologies are increasingly required. The atmospheric pressure low-temperature plasma is a novel suitable measure. We report on the effect of plasma treatment on phytopathogenic fungi causing quantitative and qualitative losses of products both in the field and postharvest. We focus our attention on the in vitro direct inhibitory effect of non-contact Surface Dielectric Barrier Discharge on conidia germination of Botrytis cinerea, Monilinia fructicola, Aspergillus carbonarius and Alternaria alternata. A few minutes of treatment was required to completely inactivate the fungi on an artificial medium. Morphological analysis of spores by Scanning Electron Microscopy suggests that the main mechanism is plasma etching due to Reactive Oxygen Species or UV radiation. Spectroscopic analysis of plasma generated in humid air gives the hint that the rotational temperature of gas should not play a relevant role being very close to room temperature. In vivo experiments on artificially inoculated cherry fruits demonstrated that inactivation of fungal spores by the direct inhibitory effect of plasma extend their shelf life. Pre-treatment of fruits before inoculation improve the resistance to infections maybe by activating defense responses in plant tissues.
Despite advances in the treatment of invasive fungal diseases (IFD), mortality rates remain high. Moreover, due to the expanding spectrum of causative agents, fast and accurate pathogen identification is necessary. We designed a panfungal polymerase chain reaction (PCR), which targets the highly variable ITS2 region of rDNA genes and uses high resolution melting analysis (HRM) for subsequent species identification. The sensitivity and specificity of this method was tested on a broad spectrum of the most clinically important fungal pathogens including Aspergillus spp., Candida spp. and mucormycetes. Despite the fact that fluid from bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) is one of the most frequently tested materials there is a lack of literature sources aimed at panfungal PCR as an IFD diagnostic tool from BAL samples. The applicability of this method in routine practice was evaluated on 104 BAL samples from immunocompromised patients. Due to high ITS region variability, we obtained divergent melting peaks for different fungal species. Thirteen out of 18 patients with proven or probable IFD were positive. Therefore, the sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value and negative predictive value of our method were 67%, 100%, 100%, and 94%, respectively. In our assay, fungal pathogens identification is based on HRM, therefore omitting the expensive and time consuming sequencing step. With the high specificity, positive and negative predictive values, short time needed to obtain a result, and low price, the presented assay is intended to be used as a quick screening method for patients at risk of IFD.
- MeSH
- bronchoalveolární lavážní tekutina mikrobiologie MeSH
- časové faktory MeSH
- diagnostické techniky molekulární metody MeSH
- DNA fungální chemie genetika MeSH
- houby klasifikace genetika izolace a purifikace MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mezerníky ribozomální DNA chemie genetika MeSH
- plicní mykózy diagnóza mikrobiologie MeSH
- polymerázová řetězová reakce metody MeSH
- prediktivní hodnota testů MeSH
- senzitivita a specificita MeSH
- tranzitní teplota * MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- mužské pohlaví MeSH
- ženské pohlaví MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
Cieľ: Analyzovať prevalenciu a druhové zastúpenie patogénnych kvasiniek u pacientok s vulvovaginálnoukandidózou. In vitro stanoviť citlivosť klinických izolátov kvasiniek na klinicky používanéantimykotiká.Typ štúdie: Retrospektívna klinická štúdia pacientok s pozitívnym výsledkom kultivácie z pošvyna prítomnosť patogénnych druhov kvasiniek.Názov a sídlo pracoviska: I. gynekologicko-pôrodnícka klinika LF UK a FN, Zochova 7, 811 03Bratislava.Metodika: Identifikácia kvasiniek na chromogénnom médiu CHROMagar CANDIDA a s identifikačnýmsystémom API-CANDIDA. Analýza citlivosti klinických izolátov in vitro na antimykotikáplatňovou zrieďovacou metódou, NCCLS a testom ATB-FUNGUS.Výsledky: Prevalencia vulvovaginálnej kandidózy bola najvyššia u žien vo veku 20–30 rokov. Candidaalbicans bola najčastejším identifikovaným druhom patogénnych kvasiniek (87,4 %). Z druhovnon-albicans prevažovala C. glabrata (6,3 %). In vitro boli klinické izoláty C. glabrata a C.krusei v porovnaní s C. albicans relatívne menej citlivé na antimykotiká. Najnižší výskyt rezistenciein vitro sa zaznamenal pre ekonazol, klotrimazol a nystatín. Pozoroval sa relatívne zvýšenývýskyt rezistencie na niektoré iné deriváty azolov (mikonazol, ketokonazol, itrakonazol, flukonazol).Záver: Predpokladom úspešnej liečby mykotickej infekcie je využitie výsledkov mikrobiologickéhovyšetrenia, ktoré klinikovi poskytne nevyvrátiteľný dôkaz o prítomnosti a povahe patogéna,odhalí jeho citlivosť na antimykotiká a tým umožní nasadenie cielenej antimykotickej liečby.
Objective: Analysis of the prevalence and species representation of pathogenic yeasts in patientswith vulvovaginal candidiasis. Determination of in vitro susceptibility of yeast isolates to clinicallyused antimycotic agents.Design: A retrospective clinical study of patients with positive vaginal cultures for the presence ofpathogenic yeast species.Setting: I. gynekologicko-pôrodnícka klinika LF UK a FN, Zochova 7, 811 03 Bratislava, Slovenskárepublika. Methods: Identification of yeast pathogens on the chromogenic medium CHROMagar CANDIDAand with API-CANDIDA identification system. In vitro susceptibility assays of clinical yeast isolatesto antifungal agents using the plate dilution method, NCCLS method and ATB-FUNGUS testsystem.Results: The highest prevalence of vulvovaginal candidiasis was found in women aged between20–30 years. Candida albicans was the most commonly identified species of pathogenic yeasts(87.4%). Of the non-albicans species, C. glabrata (6.3%) was the most prevalent species. C. glabrataand C. krusei clinical isolates were found to be generally less susceptible to several antifungals invitro as compared to C. albicans strains. A minimal number of resistant yeast isolates was observedfor econazole, clotrimazole and nystatin. A relatively high number of resistant strains wasobserved for some other azole antifungals (miconazole, ketoconazole, itraconazole, fluconazole).Conclusion: A successful treatment of vaginal mycotic infections requires the results of the microbiologicalanalyses. They will bring evidence to a physician of the presence and fate of the pathogen,of its sensitivity to antifungals, both of which are essential for the rational and successfultherapy of Candida vaginitis.
- MeSH
- antibiotická rezistence MeSH
- antifungální látky aplikace a dávkování terapeutické užití MeSH
- Candida albicans MeSH
- Candida patogenita MeSH
- finanční podpora výzkumu jako téma MeSH
- kandidóza vulvovaginální diagnóza farmakoterapie mikrobiologie MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mikrobiální testy citlivosti metody MeSH
- techniky in vitro MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- Publikační typ
- přehledy MeSH
- srovnávací studie MeSH
Rhizobia are a group of organisms that are well known for their ability to colonize root surfaces and form symbiotic associations with legume plants. They not only play a major role in biological nitrogen fixation but also improve plant growth and reduce disease incidence in various crops. Rhizobia are known to control the growth of many soilborne plant pathogenic fungi belonging to different genera like Fusarium, Rhizoctonia, Sclerotium, and Macrophomina. Antagonistic activity of rhizobia is mainly attributed to production of antibiotics, hydrocyanic acid (HCN), mycolytic enzymes, and siderophore under iron limiting conditions. Rhizobia are also reported to induce systemic resistance and enhance expression of plant defense-related genes, which effectively immunize the plants against pathogens. Seed bacterization with appropriate rhizobial strain leads to elicitation and accumulation of phenolic compounds, isoflavonoid phytoalexins, and activation of enzymes like L-phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL), chalcone synthase (CHS), peroxidase (POX), polyphenol oxidase (PPO), and others involved in phenylpropanoid and isoflavonoid pathways. Development of Rhizobium inoculants with dual attributes of nitrogen fixation and antagonism against phytopathogens can contribute to increased plant growth and productivity. This compilation aims to bring together the available information on the biocontrol facet of rhizobia and identify research gaps and effective strategies for future research in this area.
