genetic nondisjunctions Dotaz Zobrazit nápovědu
The genomes of many plants, animals, and fungi frequently comprise dispensable B chromosomes that rely upon various chromosomal drive mechanisms to counteract the tendency of non-essential genetic elements to be purged over time. The B chromosome of rye - a model system for nearly a century - undergoes targeted nondisjunction during first pollen mitosis, favouring segregation into the generative nucleus, thus increasing their numbers over generations. However, the genetic mechanisms underlying this process are poorly understood. Here, using a newly-assembled, ~430 Mb-long rye B chromosome pseudomolecule, we identify five candidate genes whose role as trans-acting moderators of the chromosomal drive is supported by karyotyping, chromosome drive analysis and comparative RNA-seq. Among them, we identify DCR28, coding a microtubule-associated protein related to cell division, and detect this gene also in the B chromosome of Aegilops speltoides. The DCR28 gene family is neo-functionalised and serially-duplicated with 15 B chromosome-located copies that are uniquely highly expressed in the first pollen mitosis of rye.
- MeSH
- Aegilops genetika metabolismus MeSH
- chromozomy rostlin * genetika MeSH
- karyotypizace MeSH
- mitóza * genetika MeSH
- nondisjunkce genetická MeSH
- pyl genetika MeSH
- regulace genové exprese u rostlin MeSH
- rostlinné geny MeSH
- rostlinné proteiny genetika metabolismus MeSH
- žito * genetika MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
Causes of chromosomal nondisjunction is one of the remaining unanswered questions in human genetics. In order to increase our understanding of the mechanisms underlying nondisjunction we have performed a molecular study on trisomy 8 and trisomy 8 mosaicism. We report the results on analyses of 26 probands (and parents) using 19 microsatellite DNA markers mapping along the length of chromosome 8. The 26 cases represented 20 live births, four spontaneous abortions, and two prenatal diagnoses (CVS). The results of the nondisjunction studies show that 20 cases (13 maternal, 7 paternal) were probably due to mitotic (postzygotic) duplication as reduction to homozygosity of all informative markers was observed and as no third allele was ever detected. Only two cases from spontaneous abortions were due to maternal meiotic nondisjunction. In four cases we were not able to detect the extra chromosome due to a low level of mosaicism. These results are in contrast to the common autosomal trisomies (including mosaics), where the majority of cases are due to errors in maternal meiosis.
- MeSH
- dítě MeSH
- genomový imprinting MeSH
- kojenec MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- lidské chromozomy, pár 8 * MeSH
- mozaicismus * MeSH
- nondisjunkce genetická * MeSH
- novorozenec MeSH
- předškolní dítě MeSH
- trizomie * MeSH
- Check Tag
- dítě MeSH
- kojenec MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mužské pohlaví MeSH
- novorozenec MeSH
- předškolní dítě MeSH
- ženské pohlaví MeSH
- Publikační typ
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
Chromosomal aberrations (CAs) in human peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL) measured with the conventional cytogenetic assay have been used for human biomonitoring of genotoxic exposure for decades. CA frequency in peripheral blood is a marker of cancer susceptibility. Previous studies have shown associations between genetic variants in metabolic pathway, DNA repair and major mitotic checkpoint genes and CAs. We conducted a genome-wide association study on 576 individuals from the Czech Republic and Slovakia followed by a replication in two different sample sets of 482 (replication 1) and 1288 (replication 2) samples. To have a broad look at the genetic susceptibility associated with CA frequency, the sample sets composed of individuals either differentially exposed to smoking, occupational/environmental hazards, or they were untreated cancer patients. Phenotypes were divided into chromosome- and chromatid-type aberrations (CSAs and CTAs, respectively) and total chromosomal aberrations (CAtot). The arbitrary cutoff point between individuals with high and low CA frequency was 2% for CAtot and 1% for CSA and CTA. The data were analyzed using age, sex, occupation/cancer and smoking history as covariates. Altogether 11 loci reached the P-value of 10-5 in the GWAS. Replication 1 supported the association of rs1383997 (8q13.3) and rs2824215 (21q21.1) in CAtot and rs983889 (5p15.1) in CTA analysis. These loci were found to be associated with genes involved in mitosis, response to environmental and chemical factors and genes involved in syndromes linked to chromosomal abnormalities. Identification of new genetic variants for the frequency of CAs offers prediction tools for cancer risk in future. Environ. Mol. Mutagen. 60:17-28, 2019. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
- MeSH
- autistická porucha genetika MeSH
- celogenomová asociační studie * MeSH
- chromozomální aberace statistika a číselné údaje MeSH
- cytogenetické vyšetření MeSH
- dospělí MeSH
- Downův syndrom genetika MeSH
- genetická predispozice k nemoci genetika MeSH
- jednonukleotidový polymorfismus genetika MeSH
- lidé středního věku MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- nádory etiologie genetika MeSH
- oprava DNA genetika MeSH
- poškození DNA genetika MeSH
- promotorové oblasti (genetika) genetika MeSH
- Check Tag
- dospělí MeSH
- lidé středního věku MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mužské pohlaví MeSH
- ženské pohlaví MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
- Geografické názvy
- Česká republika MeSH
- Slovenská republika MeSH
- Klíčová slova
- atlantoaxiální instabilita, spinální fúze, dekompresní laminektomie,
- MeSH
- achondroplazie diagnóza etiologie komplikace MeSH
- atlantoaxiální kloub patofyziologie patologie MeSH
- dítě MeSH
- Downův syndrom etiologie komplikace MeSH
- financování organizované MeSH
- genetické nemoci vrozené MeSH
- laminektomie metody využití MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- magnetická rezonanční tomografie MeSH
- mladiství MeSH
- nemoci míchy diagnóza komplikace MeSH
- neurochirurgické výkony metody využití MeSH
- neurologické manifestace MeSH
- počítačová rentgenová tomografie MeSH
- radiografie MeSH
- spinální stenóza MeSH
- Check Tag
- dítě MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mladiství MeSH
- Publikační typ
- kazuistiky MeSH
B chromosomes (Bs) are supernumerary chromosomes, which are often preferentially inherited. When transmission rates of chromosomes are higher than 0.5, not obeying the Mendelian law of equal segregation, the resulting transmission advantage is collectively referred to as 'chromosome drive'. Here we analysed the drive mechanism of Aegilops speltoides Bs. The repeat AesTR-183 of A. speltoides Bs, which also can be detected on the Bs of Aegilops mutica and rye, was used to track Bs during pollen development. Nondisjunction of CENH3-positive, tubulin interacting B sister chromatids and an asymmetric spindle during first pollen grain mitosis are key for the accumulation process. A quantitative flow cytometric approach revealed that, independent of the number of Bs present in the mother plant, Bs accumulate in the generative nuclei to > 93%. Nine out of 11 tested (peri)centromeric repeats were shared by A and B chromosomes. Our findings provide new insights into the process of chromosome drive. Quantitative flow cytometry is a useful and reliable method to study the drive frequency of Bs. Nondisjunction and unequal spindle organization accompany during first pollen mitosis the drive of A. speltoides Bs. The prerequisites for the drive process seems to be common in Poaceae.
- MeSH
- Aegilops genetika MeSH
- aparát dělícího vřeténka metabolismus MeSH
- buněčné jádro genetika MeSH
- centromera metabolismus MeSH
- chromozomy rostlin genetika MeSH
- konzervovaná sekvence genetika MeSH
- mitóza genetika MeSH
- nondisjunkce genetická * MeSH
- pyl genetika MeSH
- repetitivní sekvence nukleových kyselin genetika MeSH
- sekvence nukleotidů MeSH
- žito genetika MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
Ciele: Perikoncepčné užívanie vitamínových prípravkov s kyselinou listovou je asociované s poklesom prevalencie vrodených chýb srdca (VCHS) u živonarodených detí. Polymorfizmy 677 C→T a 1298 A→C génu pre enzým metyléntetrahydrofolát reduktáza (MTHFR) ovplyvňujú využitie kyseliny listovej v organizme a sú v niektorých prácach asociované so zvýšeným výskytom VCHS. Cieľom štúdie bolo zistiť asociáciu polymorfizmov 677 C→T a 1298 A→C s výskytom VCHS v slovenskej populácii a vyhodnotiť perikoncepčné užívanie vitamínov u slovenských matiek detí s VCHS. Metodika: V rokoch 2011–2014 bolo prospektívne vyšetrených na polymorfizmy 677 C→T a 1298 A→C génu pre enzým MTHFR 204 pacientov s VCHS, 144 matiek detí s VCHS a 144 kontrolných vzoriek od detí bez vrodených chýb. Výsledky: V skupine detí s VCHS bol výskyt genotypu 677TT s trendom k nižšiemu výskytu ako v kontrolnej skupine (OR = 0,42, 95% CI 0,18–1,01; p = 0,06). V skupine matiek pacientov boli genotypy 1298CT a 1298CC menej početné ako v kontrolnej skupine (OR = 0,51, 95% CI 0,31–0,84; p = 0,009 resp. OR = 0,78, 95% CI 0,13–1,04; p = 0,06). Multivitamíny s obsahom folátu užívalo perikoncepčne 18,1 % matiek detí s VCHS, v čase už potvrdenej gravidity bolo užívanie vyššie (67,4 %; p <0,0001). Ženy, ktoré fajčili v čase otehotnenia, užívali vitamíny v perikoncepčnom období menej často ako ženy bez abúzu nikotínu (6,5 % vs. 21,8 %; p = 0,035). Záver: V slovenskej populácii detí s VCHS a ich matiek nebol dokázaný zvýšený výskyt polymorfizmov MTHFR s rizikom zníženej hladiny kyseliny listovej. Naopak, časť potenciálne rizikových genotypov bola menej početná. Perikoncepčne užívala multivitamíny s obsahom kyseliny listovej menej ako pätina matiek detí s VCHS.
Background: Maternal periconceptual folic acid supplementation is associated with decreased risk of congenital heart disease (CHD) in offspring. Methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) gene 677 C→T and 1298 A→C polymorphisms influence folic acid metabolism and in some studies are associated with increased risk of CHD. We sought to determine periconceptual folic acid supplementation in Slovak mothers of offspring with CHD and to investigate association between MTHFR 677 C→T and 1298 A→C polymorphisms and CHD risk. Methods: Between 2011 and 2014, 204 children with CHD, 144 mothers of CHD cases and 144 controls were prospectively evaluated for MTHFR 677 C→T and 1298 A→C polymorphisms. Results: Among cases with CHD, the 677TT genotype tended to occur less frequently than in control group (OR=0.42, 95% CI 0.18–1.01; p=0.06). Analysis revealed reduced prevalence of 1298CT and 1298CC genotypes in mothers of CHD patients when compared to controls (OR=0.51, 95% CI 0.31–0.84; p=0.009 resp. OR=0.78, 95% CI 0.13–1.04; p=0.06). Periconceptual supplementation of multivitamins with folic acid content was observed in 18.1 % of case mothers. Multivitamins intake increased to 67.4 % in this group after pregnancy was confirmed (p<0.0001). Maternal periconceptual smoking was associated with lower use of multivitamin supplements compared to non-smokers (6.5% vs. 21.8%; p=0.035). Conclusion: We found no evidence that embryonic or maternal MTHFR gene polymorphisms that directly cause lower levels of plasma folate are associated with increased risk of CHD in Slovak population. On the contrary, some of those polymorphisms occurred less frequently in CHD population. Periconceptual multivitamin supplementation was observed in less than one fifth of mothers.
- MeSH
- Downův syndrom MeSH
- genotyp MeSH
- kojenec MeSH
- kyselina listová * terapeutické užití MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- methylentetrahydrofolátreduktasa (NADPH2) * genetika MeSH
- nedostatek kyseliny listové farmakoterapie komplikace MeSH
- novorozenec MeSH
- odds ratio MeSH
- polymorfismus genetický MeSH
- potravní doplňky MeSH
- předškolní dítě MeSH
- prospektivní studie MeSH
- těhotenství MeSH
- vrozené srdeční vady * etiologie prevence a kontrola MeSH
- Check Tag
- kojenec MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- novorozenec MeSH
- předškolní dítě MeSH
- těhotenství MeSH
- ženské pohlaví MeSH
- Publikační typ
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
- srovnávací studie MeSH
Od objavenia mimobunkovej fetálnej DNA v krvi matky uplynulo už 16 rokov. Avšak až v priebehu posledných 5 rokoch prebieha čoraz viac výskumov za účelom stanovenia jej presnej charakteristiky, koncentrácie a molekulárnej veľkosti, ktoré sa neskôr premietli do jednotlivých testov. Tie sú ale dostupné len v posledných 2 rokoch. Pri aktuálnom trende preferovania neinvazívnych metód prenatálnej diagnostiky a ich posúvania do obdobia prvého trimestra sa stanovenie mimobunkovej fetálnej DNA v krvi matky ukazuje ako veľmi perspektívnou metódou diagnostiky chromozómových aberácií u plodov. Jej širšie uplatnenie je limitované malým počtom štúdií na nerizikových skupinách pacientok a v nemalej miere aj ekonomickou náročnosťou vyšetrenia. Aj napriek tomu sa však táto metóda čoraz viac rozširuje zo Spojených Štátov Amerických do celého sveta, čo znižuje náklady na ňu, a stáva sa dostupnejšou pre čoraz väčší počet pacientok. Ukazuje sa, že táto metóda by v rámci podrobnejšieho vyšetrovania u rizikových pacientok mohla perspektívne minimalizovať riziko fetálnych strát, ktoré sú závažnou komplikáciou invazívnych metód prenatálnej diagnostiky.
It has been 16 years since there has been a discovery of cell-free fetal DNA (cffDNA) in mother‘s blood. However in the last 5 years there has been more researching done in the purpose of its specific diagnosis, concentration and molecular size, which have later on reflected into particular tests. These have been available only in the past 2 years. Within the actual trend in preference of non-invasive methods of prenatal diagnosis and its shifting into first trimester the examination of mother’s blood has been showing as a very perspective method for early cell-free fetal DNA discovering of chromosome aberration diagnosis of fetus. Its wider enforcement is unfortunatelly limited by a small amount of studies within non-risk pregnancy groups of patients as well as its higher financial cost. Despite of this information this method is extending further more from United States of America into whole world which lowers its costs and its becoming more accesible for a wider amount of patients. Within detailed researching in a group of risk pregnancy patients this method could perspectively minimize a risk of fetus loss which is main complication of invasive methods of prenatal diagnosis.
- MeSH
- chromozomální aberace MeSH
- cytogenetické vyšetření * metody MeSH
- DNA krev MeSH
- Downův syndrom diagnóza genetika krev MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- nemoci plodu diagnóza genetika krev MeSH
- prenatální diagnóza * metody MeSH
- první trimestr těhotenství genetika krev MeSH
- sekvenční analýza DNA * MeSH
- těhotenství genetika krev MeSH
- trizomie diagnóza genetika MeSH
- vysoce účinné nukleotidové sekvenování * metody MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- těhotenství genetika krev MeSH
- ženské pohlaví MeSH
- Publikační typ
- přehledy MeSH