Terrestrial plants typically take up nutrients through roots or mycorrhizae while freshwater plants additionally utilize leaves. Their nutrient uptake may be enhanced by root hairs whose occurrence is often negatively correlated with mycorrhizal colonization. Seagrasses utilize both leaves and roots and often form root hairs, but seem to be devoid of mycorrhizae. The Mediterranean seagrass Posidonia oceanica is an exception: its adults commonly lack root hairs and regularly form a specific association with a single pleosporalean fungus. Here we show that at two sites in the southern Adriatic, all its seedlings possessed abundant root hairs with peculiar morphology (swollen terminal parts) and anatomy (spirally formed cell walls) as apparent adaptations for better attachment to the substrate and increase of breaking strain. Later on, their roots became colonized by dark septate mycelium while root hairs were reduced. In adults, most of terminal fine roots possessed the specific fungal association while root hairs were absent. These observations indicate for the first time that processes regulating transition from root hairs to root fungal colonization exist also in some seagrasses. This ontogenetic shift in root traits may suggests an involvement of the specific root symbiosis in the nutrient uptake by the dominant Mediterranean seagrass.

• MeSH
• Alismatales anatomie a histologie   růst a vývoj   mikrobiologie   MeSH
• Ascomycota fyziologie   MeSH
• fyziologická adaptace * MeSH
• kořeny rostlin mikrobiologie   MeSH
• listy rostlin MeSH
• mycelium fyziologie   MeSH
• mykorhiza MeSH
• symbióza * MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Středozemní moře MeSH

• MeSH
• bolest etiologie   MeSH
• chordotomie MeSH
• elektrody využití   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mikrochirurgie MeSH
• míšní kořeny patofyziologie   zranění   MeSH
• neuralgie etiologie   chirurgie   MeSH
• neurochirurgické výkony metody   MeSH
• neuropatie brachiálního plexu chirurgie   MeSH
• neuroplasticita MeSH
• periferní nervy patofyziologie   MeSH
• poranění periferního nervu MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH

The tree root-mycorhizosphere plays a key role in resource uptake, but also in the adaptation of forests to changing environments. The adaptive foraging mechanisms of ectomycorrhizal (EcM) and fine roots of Picea abies, Pinus sylvestris and Betula pendula were evaluated along a gradient from temperate to subarctic boreal forest (38 sites between latitudes 48°N and 69°N) in Europe. Variables describing tree resource uptake structures and processes (absorptive fine root biomass and morphology, nitrogen (N) concentration in absorptive roots, extramatrical mycelium (EMM) biomass, community structure of root-associated EcM fungi, soil and rhizosphere bacteria) were used to analyse relationships between root system functional traits and climate, soil and stand characteristics. Absorptive fine root biomass per stand basal area increased significantly from temperate to boreal forests, coinciding with longer and thinner root tips with higher tissue density, smaller EMM biomass per root length and a shift in soil microbial community structure. The soil carbon (C) : N ratio was found to explain most of the variability in absorptive fine root and EMM biomass, root tissue density, N concentration and rhizosphere bacterial community structure. We suggest a concept of absorptive fine root foraging strategies involving both qualitative and quantitative changes in the root-mycorrhiza-bacteria continuum along climate and soil C : N gradients.

• MeSH
• Bacteria metabolismus   MeSH
• biologické modely MeSH
• biomasa MeSH
• bříza mikrobiologie   MeSH
• dusík analýza   MeSH
• fyziologická adaptace * MeSH
• kořeny rostlin anatomie a histologie   mikrobiologie   fyziologie   MeSH
• mycelium fyziologie   MeSH
• mykorhiza fyziologie   MeSH
• půdní mikrobiologie MeSH
• rhizosféra MeSH
• tajga * MeSH
• uhlík analýza   MeSH
• zeměpis MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Evropa MeSH

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Invasiveness of some alien plants is associated with their traits, plastic responses to environmental conditions and interpopulation differentiation. To obtain insights into the role of these processes in contributing to variation in performance, we compared congeneric species of Impatiens (Balsaminaceae) with different origin and invasion status that occur in central Europe. METHODS: Native I. noli-tangere and three alien species (highly invasive I. glandulifera, less invasive I. parviflora and potentially invasive I. capensis) were studied and their responses to simulated canopy shading and different nutrient and moisture levels were determined in terms of survival and seedling traits. KEY RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS: Impatiens glandulifera produced high biomass in all the treatments and the control, exhibiting the 'Jack-and-master' strategy that makes it a strong competitor from germination onwards. The results suggest that plasticity and differentiation occurred in all the species tested and that along the continuum from plasticity to differentiation, the species at the plasticity end is the better invader. The most invasive species I. glandulifera appears to be highly plastic, whereas the other two less invasive species, I. parviflora and I. capensis, exhibited lower plasticity but rather strong population differentiation. The invasive Impatiens species were taller and exhibited higher plasticity and differentiation than native I. noli-tangere. This suggests that even within one genus, the relative importance of the phenomena contributing to invasiveness appears to be species' specific.

• MeSH
• biomasa MeSH
• druhová specificita MeSH
• fenotyp MeSH
• fyziologická adaptace * MeSH
• Impatiens genetika   růst a vývoj   fyziologie   MeSH
• kořeny rostlin genetika   růst a vývoj   fyziologie   MeSH
• období sucha MeSH
• semenáček genetika   růst a vývoj   fyziologie   MeSH
• stonky rostlin genetika   růst a vývoj   fyziologie   MeSH
• výhonky rostlin genetika   růst a vývoj   fyziologie   MeSH
• záplavy MeSH
• zavlečené druhy * MeSH
• životní prostředí MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Evropa MeSH

Mnohé práce dokázali, že blokátory L-typu, N-typu and P-typu Ca2+ kanálov môžu zabrániť vzniku hyperalgézie, alodynie alebo zápalových procesov pri modeloch chronickej bolesti, ktoré sú často sprevádzané výraznou precitlivenosťou a plasticitou. Vzhľadom k našim predchádzajúcim výsledkom, ktoré poukazujú na zvýšenú expresiu N-typu Ca2+ kanála v mieche po lézii periférneho nervu, v súčasnej práci sledujeme distribúciu α1B podjednotky N-typu Ca2+ kanála v príslušných spinálnych gangliách (DRGs) v rovnakom modeli neuropatickej bolesti počas 28 dňového prežívania. Imunocytochemické analýzy α1B podjednotky v kontralaterálnych, nepoškodených lumbálnych (L4–L6) DRGs ukázali rovnomerné difúzne sfarbenie tiel všetkých gangliových buniek. Počiatočné zvýšenie α1B podjednotky bolo pozorované výhradne na ipsilaterálnej strane príslušných DRGs, a to len v malých bunkách počas 4dňového prežívania. Avšak výrazný nárast α1B podjednotky bol zaznamenaný počas 7–10dňového prežívania v malých, stredných, veľkých bunkách ale aj v nervových vláknách DRGs. Toto zvýšenie pretrvalo pri dlhodobom prežívaní – 28 dní len v malých bunkách, avšak v stredných a veľkých bunkách došlo k poklesu imunoreaktivity na kontrolné hladiny. Výrazné zmeny boli pozorované výhradne v ipsilaterálnych DRGs L5–L6. Dané výsledky predpokladajú, že zvýšenie α1B podjednotky v príslušných DRGs a jeho následná dlhodobá selektívna expresia v malých neurónoch pravdepodobne zohráva dôležitú úlohu nielen pri počiatočnej iniciácii, ale aj pri pretrvávaní stavu neuropatickej bolesti.

Many studies have shown that L-type, N-type and P-type Ca2+channel blockers may prevent development of hyperalgesia, allodynia or inflammation in persistent pain models where sensitisation and plasticity are present. Therefore, in addition to our previous data indicating increased N-type Ca2+channel expression in the spinal cord after peripheral nerve lesion, here we have characterized α1B subunit in the corresponding dorsal root ganglion neurons (DRGs) following same injury model during 28 days survival. Immunocytochemical analysis of the α1B subunit in the contralateral-non ligated lumbar (L4–6) DRGs showed smooth diffuse staining pattern over the soma of all ganglion neurons. Initial α1B subunit elevation was seen ipsilaterally in small diameter DRGs at 4 days, however majority of ganglion cells (small, medium, large) as well as nerve fibers revealed increased α1B subunit immunoreactivity (IR) after 7–10 days post lesion. Moreower, this Ca2+channel upregulation persisted only in small diameter DRGs up to 28 days, whereas the positivity in medium and large-sized DRGs completelly disappeared. Distinct changes were typically seen in the DRGs L5–L6, while the L4 ganglia showed only light increase of the N-type Ca2+ channel IR in the neuronal bodies. This findings suggest, that upregulation of α1B subunit in corresponding DRGs and its persistance, especially in small diameter neurons probably play an important role not only in the initiation, but also in the maintenance of neuropathic pain state.

• MeSH
• blokátory kalciových kanálů MeSH
• bolest etiologie   MeSH
• finanční podpora výzkumu jako téma MeSH
• imunochemie metody   MeSH
• krysa rodu rattus MeSH
• modely u zvířat MeSH
• spinální ganglia anatomie a histologie   cytologie   MeSH
• vápníkové kanály - typ L analýza   MeSH
• vápníkové kanály - typ N analýza   MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• krysa rodu rattus MeSH
• zvířata MeSH

V článku jsou popsány vybrané možné metody regionální anestezie, které zajistí trvalou pooper ační analgezii. Jedná se o blokádu ušního kořene a o infrapubickou blokádu penisu.

In this article are described selected possible methods of regional anaesthesia, which ensure permanent postoperative analgesia. These methods are the block of the ear root and the infrapubic block of the limb.

• MeSH
• analgezie metody   normy   přístrojové vybavení   MeSH
• cirkumcize u mužů MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• penis chirurgie   inervace   MeSH
• svodná anestezie metody   normy   přístrojové vybavení   MeSH
• zákroky plastické chirurgie MeSH
• zevní ucho chirurgie   inervace   MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH

Plant roots are the first parts of plants to face drought stress (DS), and thus root modification is important for plants to adapt to drought. We hypothesized that the roots of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) plants exhibit better adaptation in terms of morphology and phytohormones under DS. Trifoliate orange seedlings inoculated with Diversispora versiformis were subjected to well-watered (WW) and DS conditions for 6 weeks. AM seedlings exhibited better growth performance and significantly greater number of 1st, 2nd, and 3rd order lateral roots, root length, area, average diameter, volume, tips, forks, and crossings than non-AM seedlings under both WW and DS conditions. AM fungal inoculation considerably increased root hair density under both WW and DS and root hair length under DS, while dramatically decreased root hair length under WW but there was no change in root hair diameter. AM plants had greater concentrations of indole-3-acetic acid, methyl jasmonate, nitric oxide, and calmodulin in roots, which were significantly correlated with changes in root morphology. These results support the hypothesis that AM plants show superior adaptation in root morphology under DS that is potentially associated with indole-3-acetic acid, methyl jasmonate, nitric oxide, and calmodulin levels.

• MeSH
• acetáty metabolismus   MeSH
• cyklopentany metabolismus   MeSH
• fyziologická adaptace MeSH
• Glomeromycota metabolismus   fyziologie   MeSH
• kalmodulin metabolismus   MeSH
• kořeny rostlin růst a vývoj   mikrobiologie   MeSH
• kyseliny indoloctové metabolismus   MeSH
• mykorhiza růst a vývoj   MeSH
• období sucha MeSH
• oxid dusnatý metabolismus   MeSH
• oxylipiny metabolismus   MeSH
• Poncirus růst a vývoj   mikrobiologie   MeSH
• regulátory růstu rostlin metabolismus   MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH

The root is the below-ground organ of a plant, and it has evolved multiple signaling pathways that allow adaptation of architecture, growth rate, and direction to an ever-changing environment. Roots grow along the gravitropic vector towards beneficial areas in the soil to provide the plant with proper nutrients to ensure its survival and productivity. In addition, roots have developed escape mechanisms to avoid adverse environments, which include direct illumination. Standard laboratory growth conditions for basic research of plant development and stress adaptation include growing seedlings in Petri dishes on medium with roots exposed to light. Several studies have shown that direct illumination of roots alters their morphology, cellular and biochemical responses, which results in reduced nutrient uptake and adaptability upon additive stress stimuli. In this review, we summarize recent methods that allow the study of shaded roots under controlled laboratory conditions and discuss the observed changes in the results depending on the root illumination status.

• MeSH
• fyziologická adaptace * MeSH
• kořeny rostlin metabolismus   účinky záření   MeSH
• regulace genové exprese u rostlin účinky záření   MeSH
• rostlinné proteiny genetika   metabolismus   MeSH
• rostliny metabolismus   účinky záření   MeSH
• semenáček metabolismus   účinky záření   MeSH
• světlo * MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• přehledy MeSH

• MeSH
• aortální aneurysma chirurgie   terapie   MeSH
• aortální insuficience chirurgie   terapie   MeSH
• cévní protézy MeSH
• dítě MeSH
• kardiochirurgické výkony MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• nemoci aorty chirurgie   terapie   MeSH
• výkony cévní chirurgie MeSH
• zákroky plastické chirurgie metody   MeSH
• Check Tag
• dítě MeSH
• lidé MeSH

distribution of auxin within plant tissues is of great importance for developmental plasticity, including root gravitropic growth. Auxin flow is directed by the subcellular polar distribution and dynamic relocalisation of auxin transporters such as the PIN-FORMED (PIN) efflux carriers, which can be influenced by the main natural plant auxin indole-3-acetic acid (IAA). Anthranilic acid (AA) is an important early precursor of IAA and previously published studies with AA analogues have suggested that AA may also regulate PIN localisation. Using Arabidopsis thaliana as a model species, we studied an AA-deficient mutant displaying agravitropic root growth, treated seedlings with AA and AA analogues and transformed lines to over-produce AA while inhibiting its conversion to downstream IAA precursors. We showed that AA rescues root gravitropic growth in the AA-deficient mutant at concentrations that do not rescue IAA levels. Overproduction of AA affects root gravitropism without affecting IAA levels. Treatments with, or deficiency in, AA result in defects in PIN polarity and gravistimulus-induced PIN relocalisation in root cells. Our results revealed a previously unknown role for AA in the regulation of PIN subcellular localisation and dynamics involved in root gravitropism, which is independent of its better known role in IAA biosynthesis.

• MeSH
• Arabidopsis účinky léků   metabolismus   MeSH
• chinolony farmakologie   MeSH
• gravitropismus fyziologie   MeSH
• kořeny rostlin anatomie a histologie   účinky léků   růst a vývoj   fyziologie   MeSH
• kyseliny indoloctové chemie   metabolismus   MeSH
• mutace genetika   MeSH
• ortoaminobenzoáty chemie   metabolismus   farmakologie   MeSH
• polarita buněk * účinky léků   MeSH
• proteiny huseníčku metabolismus   MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH