uniqueness Dotaz Zobrazit nápovědu
Golimumab je nová, plně humánní monoklonální protilátka proti TNF-α s vysokou afinitou k solubilnímu a transmembránovému TNF-α. Tento článek popisuje vývoj, základní charakteristiky golimumabu a zkušenosti z klinických hodnocení provedených s touto novou monoklonální protilátkou v indikaci revmatoidní artritidy, psoriatické artritidy a ankylozující spondylitidy. V těchto studiích bylo potvrzeno, že účinnost a bezpečnost golimumabu je srovnatelná s ostatními inhibitory TNF-α.
- MeSH
- ankylózující spondylitida MeSH
- hodnocení léčiv MeSH
- humanizované monoklonální protilátky aplikace a dávkování farmakokinetika farmakologie škodlivé účinky terapeutické užití MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- psoriatická artritida farmakoterapie MeSH
- rekonciliace medikace MeSH
- revmatoidní artritida farmakoterapie MeSH
- TNF-alfa antagonisté a inhibitory MeSH
- výsledek terapie MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- MeSH
- behaviorální výzkum * metody organizace a řízení trendy MeSH
- feedback psychologický MeSH
- individualizovaná medicína metody trendy využití MeSH
- kvalitativní výzkum MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- odborný výcvik * metody pracovní síly trendy MeSH
- psychoterapeutické procesy MeSH
- psychoterapie * metody organizace a řízení trendy MeSH
- systémová integrace MeSH
- výchova a vzdělávání metody pracovní síly trendy MeSH
- výzkumný projekt MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
Urbanization, one of the most important anthropogenic impacts on Earth, is rapidly expanding worldwide. This expansion of urban land-covered areas is known to significantly reduce different components of biodiversity. However, the global evidence for this effect is mainly focused on a single diversity measure (species richness) with a few local or regional studies also supporting reductions in functional diversity. We have used birds, an important ecological group that has been used as surrogate for other animals, to investigate the hypothesis that urbanization reduces the global taxonomical and/or evolutionary diversity. We have also explored whether there is evidence supporting that urban bird communities are evolutionarily homogenized worldwide in comparison with nonurban ones by means of using evolutionary distinctiveness (how unique are the species) of bird communities. To our knowledge, this is the first attempt to quantify the effect of urbanization in more than one single diversity measure as well as the first time to look for associations between urbanization and phylogenetic diversity at a large spatial scale. Our findings show a strong and globally consistent reduction in taxonomic diversity in urban areas, which is also synchronized with the evolutionary homogenization of urban bird communities. Despite our general patterns, we found some regional differences in the intensity of the effect of cities on bird species richness or evolutionary distinctiveness, suggesting that conservation efforts should be adapted locally. Our findings might be useful for conservationists and policymakers to minimize the impact of urban development on Earth's biodiversity and help design more realistic conservation strategies.
- MeSH
- biodiverzita * MeSH
- fylogeneze MeSH
- ptáci * MeSH
- urbanizace * MeSH
- velkoměsta MeSH
- zachování přírodních zdrojů MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
- Geografické názvy
- velkoměsta MeSH
The evolutionary distinctiveness (ED) score is a measure of phylogenetic isolation that quantifies the evolutionary uniqueness of a species. Here, we compared the ED score of parasitic and non-parasitic cuckoo species world-wide, to understand whether parental care or parasitism represents the largest amount of phylogenetic uniqueness. Next, we focused only on 46 cuckoo species characterized by brood parasitism with a known number of host species, and we explored the associations among ED score, number of host species and breeding range size for these species. We assessed these associations using phylogenetic generalized least squares (PGLS) models, taking into account the phylogenetic signal. Parasitic cuckoo species were not more unique in terms of ED than non-parasitic species. However, we found a significant negative association between the evolutionary uniqueness and host range and a positive correlation between the number of host species and range size of parasitic cuckoos, probably suggesting a passive sampling of hosts by parasitic species as the breeding range broadens. The findings of this study showed that more generalist brood parasites occupied very different positions in a phylogenetic tree, suggesting that they have evolved independently within the Cuculiformes order. Finally, we demonstrated that specialist cuckoo species also represent the most evolutionarily unique species in the order of Cuculiformes.
The susceptible-infected-removed (SIR) and the susceptible-exposed-infected-removed (SEIR) epidemic models with constant parameters are adequate for describing the time evolution of seasonal diseases for which available data usually consist of fatality reports. The problems associated with the determination of system parameters starts with the inference of the number of removed individuals from fatality data, because the infection to death period may depend on health care factors. Then, one encounters numerical sensitivity problems for the determination of the system parameters from a correct but noisy representative of the number of removed individuals. Finally as the available data is necessarily a normalized one, the models fitting this data may not be unique. We prove that the parameters of the (SEIR) model cannot be determined from the knowledge of a normalized curve of "Removed" individuals and we show that the proportion of removed individuals, [Formula: see text], is invariant under the interchange of the incubation and infection periods and corresponding scalings of the contact rate. On the other hand we prove that the SIR model fitting a normalized curve of removed individuals is unique and we give an implicit relation for the system parameters in terms of the values of [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text], where [Formula: see text] is the steady state value of [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text] are the values of [Formula: see text] and its derivative at the inflection point [Formula: see text] of [Formula: see text]. We use these implicit relations to provide a robust method for the estimation of the system parameters and we apply this procedure to the fatality data for the H1N1 epidemic in the Czech Republic during 2009. We finally discuss the inference of the number of removed individuals from observational data, using a clinical survey conducted at major hospitals in Istanbul, Turkey, during 2009 H1N1 epidemic.
- MeSH
- biologické modely MeSH
- chřipka lidská epidemiologie MeSH
- epidemie statistika a číselné údaje MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- matematické pojmy MeSH
- pandemie statistika a číselné údaje MeSH
- počítačová simulace MeSH
- roční období MeSH
- statistické modely * MeSH
- virus chřipky A, podtyp H1N1 MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- Geografické názvy
- Česká republika MeSH
- Turecko MeSH
- MeSH
- biologické modely MeSH
- hustota populace MeSH
- predátorské chování MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- zvířata MeSH
Příspěvek je věnován hypotéze ohledně typicky ženské odpovědi na stresor, jež je charakterizována vzorcem chování, které se ve stresující situaci vyznačuje péčí o potomky a přilnutím ke skupině a jehož účelem je redukce vlastní zranitelnosti. V článku jsou zmíněny studie, jež autoři tend-and-befriend odpovědi na stres přinesli na podporu své hypotézy, a studie, které přišly s její kritikou.
The contribution is devoted to the hypothesis about the unique female response to the stressor, which is characterized by a pattern of behavior that is manifested in the stressful situation by tending and befriending and whose purpose is to reduce one's own vulnerability. The article mentions studies that the authors of tend-and befriend stress response have brought to support their hypothesis, and studies that have come up with its criticism.
Trilobites represent a model for 'evo-devo' studies in fossil euarthropods, owing to a rare developmental trait: the biomineralization of the dorsal exoskeleton soon after hatching. Many fossilized trilobite ontogenies thus feature early stages - the protaspides - characterized by non-articulated, calcified dorsal exoskeletons. The recent discovery of a protaspid-like fossil occurring with aglaspidid remains in Middle Ordovician strata of Siberia has been interpreted as evidence for the presence of protaspides in these distant relatives of trilobites. In this contribution, we demonstrate that this Siberian protaspis actually belongs to the asaphid trilobite Isotelus (or a related taxon), a genus likely present in the same bed. We conclude that protaspid larvae still represent a developmental trait unique to Trilobita.
- MeSH
- členovci * MeSH
- larva MeSH
- zkameněliny MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
Removal of the mRNA 5' cap primes transcripts for degradation and is central for regulating gene expression in eukaryotes. The canonical decapping enzyme Dcp2 is stringently controlled by assembly into a dynamic multi-protein complex together with the 5'-3'exoribonuclease Xrn1. Kinetoplastida lack Dcp2 orthologues but instead rely on the ApaH-like phosphatase ALPH1 for decapping. ALPH1 is composed of a catalytic domain flanked by C- and N-terminal extensions. We show that T. brucei ALPH1 is dimeric in vitro and functions within a complex composed of the trypanosome Xrn1 ortholog XRNA and four proteins unique to Kinetoplastida, including two RNA-binding proteins and a CMGC-family protein kinase. All ALPH1-associated proteins share a unique and dynamic localization to a structure at the posterior pole of the cell, anterior to the microtubule plus ends. XRNA affinity capture in T. cruzi recapitulates this interaction network. The ALPH1 N-terminus is not required for viability in culture, but essential for posterior pole localization. The C-terminus, in contrast, is required for localization to all RNA granule types, as well as for dimerization and interactions with XRNA and the CMGC kinase, suggesting possible regulatory mechanisms. Most significantly, the trypanosome decapping complex has a unique composition, differentiating the process from opisthokonts.
