Narušení mikrobiálního ekosystému člověka představuje významný patogenetický faktor řady onemocnění. Již několik desetiletí je známa úloha alterace střevní mikrobioty v patogenezi rekurentní klostridiové kolitidy. Závažné narušení ve složení nebo funkci mikrobioty (mluvíme o tzv. dysbióze) je dnes nicméně popisováno i v patogenezi dalších chorobných stavů. V tomto smyslu jsou nejčastěji uváděny idiopatické střevní záněty, syndrom dráždivého tračníku, diabetes mellitus 2. typu, roztroušená skleróza, Parkinsonova nemoc, dále také např. jaterní encefalopatie u pacientů s cirhózou jater. Terapeuticky zasáhnout na úrovni poškozené střevní mikrobioty se snažíme různými způsoby. Velmi nadějně se jeví metoda mající za cíl dosáhnout obnovy přirozené mikrobiální homeostázy v tlustém střevě pomocí stolice od zdravého dárce, která je přenesena do zažívacího traktu nemocného. Pro tuto metodu se u nás vžil název "fekální bakterioterapie". V zahraniční literatuře se nejčastěji setkáváme s označením "Fecal Microbiota Transplantation" či se zkratkou FMT.

Disruption of the human microbial ecosystem represents a significant pathogenic factor of many diseases. The role of altered intestinal microbiota in the pathogenesis of recurrent Clostridium difficile colitis has been known for decades. Still, severe disruptions in the composition or function of the microbiota (we are speaking about dysbiosis) is nowadays also described in the pathogenesis of other pathological conditions. In this sense, the most commonly listed are idiopathic inflammatory bowel diseases, irritable bowel syndrome, type 2 diabetes mellitus, multiple sclerosis, Parkinson's disease, furthermore, for example, hepatic encephalopathy in patients with liver cirrhosis. We try to therapeutically intervene on the level of damaged intestinal microbiota in various ways. One very promising method seeks to restore natural microbial homeostasis in the colon using stool from a healthy donor, which is transferred into the digestive tract of the patient. For us, this method became commonly known as "fecal bacteriotherapy". The international literature typically uses the term "Fecal Microbiota Transplantation" or by the abbreviation FMT.

• MeSH
• bakteriální léková rezistence MeSH
• dysbióza * terapie   MeSH
• fekální transplantace * statistika a číselné údaje   trendy   MeSH
• idiopatické střevní záněty terapie   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• nemoci centrálního nervového systému terapie   MeSH
• pseudomembranózní enterokolitida prevence a kontrola   terapie   MeSH
• střevní mikroflóra fyziologie   MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• přehledy MeSH

Mikrobiom střeva hraje klíčovou roli v dlouhodobém fyzickém i psychickém zdraví člověka. Jeho vhodné složení během počáteční kolonizace gastrointestinálního traktu novorozenců s dostatečným zastoupením taxonů s komenzálním či probiotickým potenciálem je zásadní pro obranu před infekcemi a správný vývoj imunitního systému. Enterobakterie tvoří nedílnou součást střevní mikrobioty a mají klíčovou úlohu v počáteční kolonizaci střeva novorozence. Zároveň se jedná o potenciální patogeny, které mohou způsobovat závažné infekce. V článku jsou popsány funkce enterobakterií v mikrobiotě kojenců, rizika spojená s jejich nadměrnou přítomností a strategie prevence infekcí. Dále jsou diskutovány faktory ovlivňující formování mikrobioty u dětí, včetně způsobu porodu a vlivu antibiotik. Výzkumy ukazují, že podpora přirozeného porodu, kojení a použití probiotik mohou pozitivně ovlivnit střevní mikrobiotu a eliminovat potenciální rizika spojená s enterobakteriemi. Článek poskytuje přehled současných poznatků o enterobakteriích v mikrobiotě kojenců a zdůrazňuje potřebu dalšího výzkumu a sdílení nových poznatků v klinické praxi, aby byl zajištěn zdravý vývoj dětí.

The gut microbiome plays a key role in a person's long-term physical and psychological health. Its appropriate composition during the initial colonization of the gastrointestinal tract of newborns with the sufficient representation of the taxa with commensal or probiotic potential is essential for defence against infections and proper development of the immune system. Enterobacteria form an integral part of the intestinal microbiota and play a vital role in the initial colonization of the newborn gut. At the same time, these are potential pathogens that can cause serious infections. This article describes the functions of enterobacteria in the microbiota of infants, the risks associated with their excessive presence, and strategies for preventing infections. Furthermore, factors affecting microbiota formation in children are discussed, including the delivery method and the effect of antibiotics. Research shows that promoting natural childbirth, breastfeeding, and probiotic use can positively influence the gut microbiota and eliminate potential risks associated with enterobacteria. The article provides an overview of current knowledge about enterobacteria in the microbiota of infants and highlights the need for further research and the sharing of new knowledge in clinical practice to ensure the healthy development of children.

• MeSH
• Enterobacteriaceae * imunologie   MeSH
• enterovirové infekce imunologie   mikrobiologie   MeSH
• hygiena MeSH
• kojení MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mikrobiota * imunologie   MeSH
• nemoci novorozenců imunologie   metabolismus   MeSH
• novorozenec MeSH
• přirozený porod MeSH
• probiotika MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• novorozenec MeSH

Super- and low-shedding phenomena have been observed in genetically homogeneous hosts infected by a single bacterial strain. To decipher the mechanisms underlying these phenotypes, we conducted an experiment with chicks infected with Salmonella Enteritidis in a non-sterile isolator, which prevents bacterial transmission between animals while allowing the development of the gut microbiota. We investigated the impact of four commensal bacteria called Mix4, inoculated at hatching, on chicken systemic immune response and intestinal microbiota composition and functions, before and after Salmonella infection. Our results revealed that these phenotypes were not linked to changes in cell invasion capacity of bacteria during infection. Mix4 inoculation had both short- and long-term effects on immune response and microbiota and promoted the low-shedder phenotype. Kinetic analysis revealed that Mix4 activated immune response from day 4, which modified the microbiota on day 6. This change promotes a more fermentative microbiota, using the aromatic compounds degradation pathway, which inhibited Salmonella colonization by day 11 and beyond. In contrast, control animals exhibited a delayed TNF-driven pro-inflammatory response and developed a microbiota using anaerobic respiration, which facilitates Salmonella colonization and growth. This strategy offers promising opportunities to strengthen the barrier effect against Salmonella and possibly other pathogens.

• MeSH
• Bacteria * klasifikace   genetika   izolace a purifikace   MeSH
• kur domácí * mikrobiologie   imunologie   MeSH
• nemoci drůbeže * mikrobiologie   imunologie   prevence a kontrola   MeSH
• Salmonella enteritidis * imunologie   růst a vývoj   MeSH
• salmonelová infekce u zvířat * mikrobiologie   imunologie   prevence a kontrola   MeSH
• střevní mikroflóra * MeSH
• symbióza MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH

Kyselina močová (UA) se převážně tvoří v játrech, střevech a cévním endotelu jako konečný produkt metabolismu purinů získaných exogenně z potravy a endogenně z poškozených nebo mrtvých buněk. Ledviny hrají hlavní roli ve vylučování UA, eliminují asi 70 % denní produkce. Zbytek (přibližně 30 %) je vylučován střevem. Pokud tvorba UA překračuje její vylučování, vzniká hyperurikemie. Hyperurikemie je silně spojena s rozvojem a závažností metabolického syndromu. Nadměrná exprese urátového transportéru 1 (URAT1) a glukózového transportéru 9 (GLUT9) a narušení glykolýzy kvůli inzulinové rezistenci mohou souviset s rozvojem hyperurikemie u metabolického syndromu. Dříve se hyperurikemie po- važovala pouze za hlavní příčinu dny a dnavé artritidy. Také se předpokládalo, že hyperurikemie u pacientů s renálními onemocněními je důsledkem nedostatečného vylučování UA kvůli ledvinnému selhání, a proto nebyla cílem intenzivní léčby. Základní vědecké poznatky nyní naznačují, že hyperurikemie hraje patogenní roli při vzniku chronického onemocnění ledvin a kardiovaskulárních onemocnění, protože způsobuje endoteliální dysfunkci, proliferaci cévních hladkých svalových buněk a aktivaci renin-angiotenzinového systému. Další nashromážděné údaje naznačují, že léčba snižující hladinu UA zpomaluje progresi těchto onemocnění. Snížení hladiny UA je účinnou metodou pro zlepšení stavu, ale ne všechny látky snižující hladinu UA fungují stejně. V klinické praxi je třeba tyto látky používat s opatrností.

Uric acid (UA) is predominantly formed in the liver, intestine and vascular endothelium as an end product of the metabolism of purines derived from food and endogenously from damaged or dead cells. The kidneys play a major role in the excretion of UA, eliminating about 70 % of the daily production. The remainder (approximately 30 %) is excreted by the intestine. If the production of UA exceeds the capacity of its excretion, hyperuricaemia results. Overexpression of urate transporter 1 (URAT1), glucose transporter 9 (GLUT9) and impaired glycolysis due to insulin resistance may be related to the development of hyperuricaemia in metabolic syndrome. Hyperuricemia is associated with the development and severity of metabolic syndrome. Previously, hyperuricaemia was thought to be the main cause of gout and gouty arthritis only. It was also assumed that hyperuricemia in patients with renal disease was a consequence of inadequate UA excretion due to renal failure and therefore was not a target for intensive treatment. Basic scientific evidence now suggests that hyperuricemia plays a pathogenic role in the development of chronic kidney disease and cardiovascular disease by causing endothelial dysfunction, vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation, and activation of the renin- angiotensin system. Lowering UA levels is an effective method for improving the condition, but not all UA lowering agents work the same. In clinical practice, these agents should be used with caution. Further accumulating data suggest that UA-lowering therapy slows the progression of these diseases.

• MeSH
• alopurinol aplikace a dávkování   terapeutické užití   MeSH
• antiuratika antagonisté a inhibitory   farmakologie   terapeutické užití   MeSH
• febuxostat aplikace a dávkování   terapeutické užití   MeSH
• hyperurikemie farmakoterapie   komplikace   MeSH
• kardiovaskulární nemoci prevence a kontrola   MeSH
• kyselina močová krev   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• metabolický syndrom * diagnóza   etiologie   terapie   MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH

BACKGROUND: Schistosoma mansoni was introduced from Africa to the Americas during the transatlantic slave trade and remains a major public health problem in parts of South America and the Caribbean. This study presents a comprehensive comparative analysis of three S. mansoni strains with different geographical origins-from Liberia, Belo Horizonte and Puerto Rico. We demonstrated significant variation in virulence and host-parasite interactions. METHODS: We investigated the phenotypic characteristics of the parasite and its eggs, as well as the immunopathologic effects on laboratory mouse organ systems. RESULTS: Our results show significant differences in worm morphology, worm burden, egg size, and pathologic organ changes between these strains. The Puerto Rican strain showed the highest virulence, as evidenced by marked liver and spleen changes and advanced liver fibrosis indicated by increased collagen content. In contrast, the strains from Liberia and Belo Horizonte had a less pathogenic profile with less liver fibrosis. We found further variations in granuloma formation, cytokine expression and T-cell dynamics, indicating different immune responses. CONCLUSION: Our study emphasizes the importance of considering intra-specific variations of S. mansoni for the development of targeted therapies and public health strategies. The different virulence patterns, host immune responses and organ pathologies observed in these strains provide important insights for future research and could inform region-specific interventions for schistosomiasis control.

• MeSH
• cytokiny metabolismus   MeSH
• interakce hostitele a parazita MeSH
• játra * parazitologie   patologie   MeSH
• myši MeSH
• Schistosoma mansoni * patogenita   genetika   imunologie   MeSH
• schistosomiasis mansoni * parazitologie   imunologie   patologie   MeSH
• slezina parazitologie   patologie   imunologie   MeSH
• virulence MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• myši MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Libérie MeSH
• Portoriko MeSH

PURPOSE: The significance of dental status and oral hygiene on a range of medical conditions is well-recognised. However, the correlation between periodontitis, oral bacterial dysbiosis and visceral surgical outcomes is less well established. To this end, we study sought to determine the influence of dental health and oral hygiene on the rates of postoperative complications following major visceral and transplant surgery in an exploratory, single-center, retrospective, non-interventional study. METHODS: Our retrospective non-interventional study was conducted at the Department of General, Visceral, and Transplant Surgery, University Hospital Heidelberg, Germany. Patients operated on between January 2018 and December 2019 were retrospectively enrolled in the study based on inclusion (minimum age of 18 years, surgery at our Department, intensive care / IMC treatment after major surgery, availability of patient-specific preoperative dental status assessment, documentation of postoperative complications) and exclusion criteria (minor patients or legally incapacitated patients, lack of intensive care or intermediate care (IMC) monitoring, incomplete documentation of preoperative dental status, intestinal surgery with potential intraoperative contamination of the site by intestinal microbes, pre-existing preoperative infection, absence of data regarding the primary endpoints of the study). The primary study endpoint was the incidence of postoperative complications. Secondary study endpoints were: 30-day mortality, length of hospital stay, duration of intensive care stay, Incidence of infectious complications, the microbial spectrum of infectious complication. A bacteriology examination was added whenever possible (if and only if the examination was safe for the patient)for infectious complications. RESULTS: The final patient cohort consisted of 417 patients. While dental status did not show an influence (p = 0.73) on postoperative complications, BMI (p = 0.035), age (p = 0.049) and quick (p = 0.033) were shown to be significant prognostic factors. There was significant association between oral health and the rate of infectious complications for all surgical procedures (p = 0.034), excluding transplant surgery. However, this did not result in increased 30-day mortality rates, prolonged intensive care unit treatment or an increase in the length of hospital stay (LOS) for the cohort as a whole. In contrast there was a significant correlation between the presence of oral pathogens and postoperative complications for a group as a whole (p < 0.001) and the visceral surgery subgroup (p < 0.001). Whilst this was not the case in the cohort who underwent transplant surgery, there was a correlation between oral health and LOS in this subgroup (p = 0.040). Bacterial swabs supports the link between poor oral health and infectious morbidity. CONCLUSIONS: Dental status was a significant predictor of postoperative infectious complications in this visceral surgery cohort. This study highlights the importance preoperative dental assessment and treatment prior to major surgery, particularly in the case of elective surgical procedures. Further research is required to determine the effect of oral health on surgical outcomes in order to inform future practice. TRIAL REGISTRATION: Trial registered under the ethics-number S-082/2022 (Ethic Committee of the University Heidelberg).

• MeSH
• délka pobytu statistika a číselné údaje   MeSH
• dospělí MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• orální hygiena MeSH
• orální zdraví MeSH
• pooperační komplikace * epidemiologie   etiologie   MeSH
• retrospektivní studie MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• transplantace orgánů škodlivé účinky   MeSH
• Check Tag
• dospělí MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• pozorovací studie MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Německo MeSH

Aging is generally regarded as an irreversible process, and its intricate relationship with the immune system has garnered significant attention due to its profound implications for the health and well-being of the aging population. As people age, a multitude of alterations occur within the immune system, affecting both innate and adaptive immunity. In the realm of innate immunity, aging brings about changes in the number and function of various immune cells, including neutrophils, monocytes, and macrophages. Additionally, certain immune pathways, like the cGAS-STING, become activated. These alterations can potentially result in telomere damage, the disruption of cytokine signaling, and impaired recognition of pathogens. The adaptive immune system, too, undergoes a myriad of changes as age advances. These include shifts in the number, frequency, subtype, and function of T cells and B cells. Furthermore, the human gut microbiota undergoes dynamic changes as a part of the aging process. Notably, the interplay between immune changes and gut microbiota highlights the gut's role in modulating immune responses and maintaining immune homeostasis. The gut microbiota of centenarians exhibits characteristics akin to those found in young individuals, setting it apart from the microbiota observed in typical elderly individuals. This review delves into the current understanding of how aging impacts the immune system and suggests potential strategies for reversing aging through interventions in immune factors.

• MeSH
• adaptivní imunita * MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• přirozená imunita * MeSH
• stárnutí * imunologie   MeSH
• střevní mikroflóra * imunologie   MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• přehledy MeSH

Advanced imaging of microorganisms, including protists, is challenging due to their small size. Specimen expansion prior to imaging is thus beneficial to increase resolution and cellular details. Here, we present a sample preparation workflow for improved observations of the single-celled eukaryotic pathogen Giardia intestinalis (Excavata, Metamonada). The binucleated trophozoites colonize the small intestine of humans and animals and cause a diarrhoeal disease. Their remarkable morphology includes two nuclei and a pronounced microtubular cytoskeleton enabling cell motility, attachment and proliferation. By use of expansion and confocal microscopy, we resolved in a great detail subcellular structures and organelles of the parasite cell. The acquired spatial resolution enabled novel observations of centrin localization at Giardia basal bodies. Interestingly, non-luminal centrin localization between the Giardia basal bodies was observed, which is an atypical eukaryotic arrangement. Our protocol includes antibody staining and can be used for the localization of epitope-tagged proteins, as well as for differential organelle labelling by amino reactive esters. This fast and simple technique is suitable for routine use without a superresolution microscopy equipment.

• MeSH
• Giardia lamblia * ultrastruktura   cytologie   MeSH
• konfokální mikroskopie * MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• organely ultrastruktura   chemie   MeSH
• protozoální proteiny analýza   chemie   MeSH
• trofozoiti ultrastruktura   MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH

Enteroaggregative Escherichia coli (EAEC) strains including those of serogroup O111 are important causes of diarrhea in children. In the Czech Republic, no information is available on the etiological role of EAEC in pediatric diarrhea due to the lack of their targeted surveillance. To fill this gap, we determined the proportion of EAEC among E. coli O111 isolates from children with gastrointestinal disorders ≤ 2 years of age submitted to the National Reference Laboratory for E. coli and Shigella during 2013-2022. EAEC accounted for 177 of 384 (46.1 %) E. coli O111 isolates, being the second most frequent E. coli O111 pathotype. Most of them (75.7 %) were typical EAEC that carried aggR, usually with aaiC and aatA marker genes; the remaining 24.3 % were atypical EAEC that lacked aggR but carried aaiC and/or aatA. Whole genome sequencing of 11 typical and two atypical EAEC O111 strains demonstrated differences in serotypes, sequence types (ST), virulence gene profiles, and the core genomes between these two groups. Typical EAEC O111:H21/ST40 strains resembled by their virulence profiles including the presence of the aggregative adherence fimbriae V (AAF/V)-encoding cluster to such strains from other countries and clustered with them in the core genome multilocus sequence typing (cgMLST). Atypical EAEC O111:H12/ST10 strains lacked virulence genes of typical EAEC and differed from them in cgMLST. All tested EAEC O111 strains displayed stacked-brick aggregative adherence to human intestinal epithelial cells. The AAF/V-encoding cluster was located on a plasmid of 95,749 bp or 93,286 bp (pAAO111) which also carried aggR, aap, aar, sepA, and aat cluster. EAEC O111 strains were resistant to antibiotics, in particular to aminopenicillins and cephalosporins; 88.3 % produced AmpC β-lactamase, and 4.1 % extended spectrum β-lactamase. We conclude that EAEC are frequent among E. coli O111 strains isolated from children with gastrointestinal disorders in the Czech Republic. To reliably assess the etiological role of EAEC in pediatric diarrhea, a serotype-independent, PCR-based pathotype surveillance system needs to be implemented in the future.

• MeSH
• antibakteriální látky farmakologie   MeSH
• Escherichia coli * genetika   izolace a purifikace   patogenita   klasifikace   MeSH
• faktory virulence genetika   MeSH
• gastrointestinální nemoci mikrobiologie   MeSH
• genom bakteriální MeSH
• infekce vyvolané Escherichia coli * mikrobiologie   epidemiologie   MeSH
• kojenec MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• multilokusová sekvenční typizace MeSH
• novorozenec MeSH
• předškolní dítě MeSH
• proteiny z Escherichia coli genetika   MeSH
• průjem * mikrobiologie   MeSH
• sekvenování celého genomu * MeSH
• séroskupina MeSH
• trans-aktivátory MeSH
• Check Tag
• kojenec MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• novorozenec MeSH
• předškolní dítě MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Česká republika MeSH

The human intestine is a habitat for microorganisms and, recently, the composition of the intestinal microbiota has been correlated with the etiology of diseases such as inflammations, sores, and tumors. Although many studies have been conducted to understand the composition of that microbiota, expanding these studies to more samples and different backgrounds will improve our knowledge. In this work, we showed the colon microbiota composition and diversity of healthy subjects, patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), and colon cancer by metagenomic sequencing. Our results indicated that the relative abundance of prokaryotic and eukaryotic microbes differs between the healthy vs. tumor biopsies, tumor vs. IBD biopsies, and fresh vs. paraffin-embedded tumor biopsies. Fusobacterium, Escherichia-Shigella, and Streptococcus genera were relatively abundant in fresh tumor biopsies, while Pseudomonas was significantly elevated in IBD biopsies. Additionally, another opportunist pathogen Malasseziales was revealed as the most abundant fungal clade in IBD biopsies, especially in ulcerative colitis. We also found that, while the Basidiomycota:Ascomycota ratio was slightly lower in tumor biopsies compared to biopsies from healthy subjects, there was a significant increase in IBD biopsies. Our work will contribute to the known diversity of prokaryotic and eukaryotic microbes in the colon biopsies in patients with IBD and colon cancer.

• MeSH
• Basidiomycota * MeSH
• Crohnova nemoc * mikrobiologie   MeSH
• idiopatické střevní záněty * mikrobiologie   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mikrobiota * MeSH
• nádory tračníku * MeSH
• střevní sliznice mikrobiologie   MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH