Angina pectoris bez obstrukce koronárních tepen je častý nález u pacientů s bolestmi na hrudi, v jehož patofyziologii se uplatňují zejména dva mechanismy – strukturální nebo funkční poškození mikrocirkulace či funkční poškození epikardiálních tepen, případně jejich kombinace. Souhrnný článek se zabývá dia- gnostikou koronární mikrovaskulární dysfunkce se zaměřením na kontinuální termodiluci jako bezpečnou, jednoduchou, rychlou a na operatérovi nezávislou metodu. Popisuje teoretický základ i praktické aspekty s grafickými ukázkami měření.

Angina with non-obstructive coronary artery disease is a frequent finding in patients with chest pain. Its pathophysiology involves two main mechanisms: structural and functional dysfunction of microcircula- tion, functional dysfunction of epicardial arteries, and their combination. The review article focuses on the diagnostics of microvascular dysfunction, particularly continuous thermodilution, as a safe, easy, fast, and operator-independent method. It describes both theoretical background and practical aspects with graphical examples of measurements.

UNLABELLED: Retinal microcirculation reflects retinal perfusion abnormalities and retinal arterial structural changes at relatively early stages of various cardiovascular diseases. Wall-to-lumen ratio (WLR) may represent the earliest step in hypertension-mediated organ damage.Our objective was to compare functional and structural parameters of retinal microcirculation in a randomly selected urban population sample, in hypertensive and normotensive individuals. DESIGN AND METHOD: A total of 398 randomly selected individuals from an urban population aged 25-65 years, residing in Pilsen, Czech Republic, were screened for major cardiovascular risk factors. Retinal microcirculation was assessed using scanning laser Doppler flowmetry, with data evaluable in 343 patients. Complete data were available for 342 individuals divided into four groups based on blood pressure and control status of hypertension: normotensive individuals ( n = 213), treated controlled hypertensive individuals ( n = 30), treated uncontrolled hypertensive individuals ( n = 26), and newly detected/untreated hypertensive individuals ( n = 73). RESULTS: There was a tendency to higher wall thickness in treated but uncontrolled hypertensive patients (compared to normotensive and treated controlled hypertensive individuals). WLR was significantly increased in treated but uncontrolled hypertensive patients as well as in individuals with newly detected thus untreated hypertension or in patients with known but untreated hypertension. There was no difference in WLR in treated, controlled hypertensive patients compared with normotensive individuals. CONCLUSION: Our results show that an increased WLR, reflecting early vascular damage, was found in newly detected individuals with hypertension and in untreated hypertensive patients, reflecting early hypertension-mediated vascular damage. Early initiation of hypertension treatment may be warranted.

• MeSH
• arterioly MeSH
• hypertenze * MeSH
• krevní tlak MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mikrocirkulace MeSH
• retinální cévy diagnostické zobrazování   MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Česká republika MeSH

AIM: To propose a standardized, high-resolution ultrasound (US) protocol to assess the patellar tendon-Hoffa fat pad interface (PTHFPI) in patients with (proximal) patellar tendinopathy (PPT). METHODS: Using a high-frequency transducer and a high-level machine, we matched the cadaveric and histological microarchitecture of the PTHFPI with multiple sonographic patterns of patients with PPT. Likewise, high-sensitive color/power Doppler assessments were also performed to evaluate the microcirculation of the soft tissues beneath the patellar tendon. RESULTS: Modern US equipment allows for detailed assessment of the potential pain generators located inside the PTHFPI in patients with PPT. They include anterosuperior portion of the Hoffa body and the loose connective tissue of the deep paratenon with its microvascular plexus. CONCLUSIONS: In patients with PPT, accurate sonographic assessment of the PTHFPI can be performed using adequate technological equipment. Accordingly, tailored ultrasound-guided interventions can also be planned if/when clinically indicated.

• MeSH
• kolenní kloub diagnostické zobrazování   MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• ligamentum patellae * diagnostické zobrazování   MeSH
• mrtvola MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• tendinopatie * diagnostické zobrazování   patologie   MeSH
• tuková tkáň * diagnostické zobrazování   MeSH
• ultrasonografie metody   MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH

Trombotická trombocytopenická purpura (TTP) je vzácné, život ohrožující onemocnění patřící do skupiny trombotických mikroangiopatií (TMA). Je charakterizováno přítomností mikroangiopatické hemolytické anemie, těžké trombocytopenie a ischemického postižení cílových orgánů. Podstatou onemocnění je závažný deficit metaloproteázy štěpící von Willebrandův faktor (vWF). Deficit enzymu způsobuje hromadění velkých multimerů vWF, na které se aktivně váží trombocyty, s následným vznikem mikrotrombů v cévním řečišti. Stěžejním vyšetřením pro diagnostiku TTP je prokázání snížené aktivity enzymu ADAMTS13 pod 10 % (0,1 IU/ml). Léčba TTP by měla být zahájena co nejdříve, již při vyslovení podezření na TTP, často ještě před znalostí výsledků aktivity enzymu ADAMTS13. Současný standard léčby akutní ataky získané TTP zahrnuje výměnnou plazmaferézu, imunosupresi a kaplacizumab. O úspěšnosti léčby rozhoduje rychlá diagnostika TTP vč. vyšetření aktivity ADAMTS13 a včasné zahájení komplexní léčby. Nedílnou součástí léčby je také dlouhodobé sledování aktivity onemocnění, vč. monitorace aktivity ADAMTS13.

Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP) is a rare, life-threatening disease belonging to the group of thrombotic microangiopathies (TMA). It is characterised by the presence of microangiopathic haemolytic anaemia, severe thrombocytopenia, and ischaemic end-organ damage. The underlying cause of the disease is a severe deficiency of von Willebrand factor (vWF) cleaving metalloprotease. The enzyme deficiency causes the accumulation of large multimers of vWF to which platelets bind actively, with subsequent formation of microthrombi in the microcirculation. The most important test for the diagnosis of TTP is reduced ADAMTS13 enzyme activity below 10% (0.1 IU/ml). Treatment of TTP should be initiated as early as possible when it is suspected, often before the ADAMTS13 activity results are known. The current standard of care for acute attacks of acquired TTP includes therapeutic plasma exchange, immunosuppression, and caplacizumab. A rapid diagnosis of TTP, including ADAMTS13 activity testing, and early initiation of comprehensive treatment are critical to treatment success. Long-term monitoring of disease activity, including monitoring of ADAMTS13 activity, is also a necessary part of the treatment

• Klíčová slova
• kaplacizumab,
• MeSH
• hormony kůry nadledvin terapeutické užití   MeSH
• jednodoménové protilátky terapeutické užití   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• monoklonální protilátky terapeutické užití   MeSH
• plazmaferéza MeSH
• protein ADAMTS13 metabolismus   MeSH
• rituximab aplikace a dávkování   terapeutické užití   MeSH
• trombotická trombocytopenická purpura * diagnóza   terapie   MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• přehledy MeSH

A short-term mortality of patients with acute myocardial infarction (AMI) without cardiogenic shock (CS) and treated with PCI is 5%, mortality of those with CS is 10 times higher. Rapid and effective antiplatelet therapy (acetylsalicylic acid and P2Y12 inhibitor) is of essential importance for an early coronary flow renewal and perfusion of microcirculation, and is as such highly important for patient’s prognosis. Patients with CS are the population with the highest thrombotic risk. CS is an exclusion criterion for participation in randomized studies. Relevant evidence resulting from comparison of antiplatelets in these patients is entirely missing. The project is a randomized study, comparing efficacy of cangrelor and ticagrelor. It is based on an assumption that cangrelor, parenteral and direct-acting P2Y12 inhibitor, has a potential to be an optimal drug for patients with AMI complicated with CS. With regards to hypoperfusion of the splanchnic area, the preferred drug application is the parenteral route while in case of drugs, those not requiring metabolisation, are being preferred.

Krátkodobá mortalita pacientů s akutním infarktem myokardu (AIM), kteří jsou léčeni perkutánní koronární intervencí bez kardiogenního šoku (KŠ) je 5%, mortalita těch s komplikujícím KŠ je desetinásobně vyšší. Rychlá a efektivní kombinovaná protidestičková léčba (kyselina acetylsalicylová a inhibitor P2Y12) má zásadní význam pro časné obnovení průtoku v koronární tepně a perfuzi mikrocirkulace, a tím pro prognózu nemocných. Pacienti s KŠ jsou populací s nejvyšším trombotickým rizikem. Přesto je KŠ vyřazovacím kritériem pro účast v randomizovaných studiích. Relevantní evidence o srovnání efektivity protidestičkových léků u této subpopulace pacientů zcela chybí. Projekt je randomizovanou multicentrickou dvojitě zaslepenou studií srovnávající efektivitu cangreloru a ticagreloru. Vychází z předpokladu, že cangrelor, parenterální a přímý inhibitor P2Y12, má potenciál být optimálním lékem pro pacienty s AIM komplikovaným iniciálně KŠ, kteří podstupují PCI. Vzhledem k hypoperfuzy splanchnika je totiž preferovanou aplikací intravenózní a z léků mají přednost ty, jež nevyžadují metabolizaci.

• Klíčová slova
• prognóza, mortalita, mortality, Outcome, akutní infarkt myokardu, kardiogenní šok, protidestičková léčba, velké kardiovaskulární příhody, cardiogenic shock, antiplatelet therapy, major cardiovascular events, acute myocardial infartion,

• NLK Publikační typ
• závěrečné zprávy o řešení grantu AZV MZ ČR

BACKGROUND: Endothelial glycocalyx (EG) plays a crucial role in maintaining the plasma proteins within the intravascular space. OBJECTIVE: We studied whether exogenous albumin protects the EG in an experimental model of EG enzymatic damage in rats. METHODS: Rats were divided into three groups of 10 animals that received (1) Evans blue (2) Evans blue + hyaluronidase, or (3) Evans blue + hyaluronidase + 20% human albumin via the tail vein. Spectrophotometric analysis was performed 2 h later to quantify the leakage of Evans blue-labeled albumin into the heart, lungs, brain, kidneys, liver, small intestine, spleen, and skeletal muscle. RESULTS: Administration of hyaluronidase numerically increased the capillary leakage of Evans blue in all examined tissues. Co-administration of albumin decreased the leakage of albumin in all tissues except the heart. In the lungs, the ratio between the absorbance and dry organ weight decreased from 5.3 ± 2.4 to 1.7 ± 0.5 (mean ± SD) (P < 0.002), and in the liver, the absorbance decreased from 2.2 ± 0.7 to 1.5 ± 0.4 (P < 0.011). CONCLUSION: Exogenous albumin decreased the capillary leakage of albumin which was interpreted as a sign of maintained EG integrity.

• MeSH
• albuminy * metabolismus   MeSH
• cévní endotel účinky léků   metabolismus   MeSH
• Evansova modř MeSH
• glykokalyx * metabolismus   účinky léků   MeSH
• hyaluronoglukosaminidasa farmakologie   MeSH
• kapilární permeabilita * účinky léků   MeSH
• krysa rodu rattus MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• modely nemocí na zvířatech MeSH
• potkani Wistar MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• krysa rodu rattus MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH

AIMS/HYPOTHESIS: The aim of this substudy (Eudra CT No:2019-001997-27)was to assess ATB availability in patients with infected diabetic foot ulcers(IDFUs)in the context of microcirculation and macrocirculation status. METHODS: For this substudy, we enrolled 23 patients with IDFU. Patients were treated with boluses of amoxicillin/clavulanic acid(AMC)(12patients) or ceftazidime(CTZ)(11patients). After induction of a steady ATB state, microdialysis was performed near the IDFU. Tissue fluid samples from the foot and blood samples from peripheral blood were taken within 6 hours. ATB potential efficacy was assessed by evaluating the maximum serum and tissue ATB concentrations(Cmax and Cmax-tissue)and the percentage of time the unbound drug tissue concentration exceeds the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC)(≥100% tissue and ≥50%/60% tissue fT>MIC). Vascular status was assessed by triplex ultrasound, ankle-brachial and toe-brachial index tests, occlusive plethysmography comprising two arterial flow phases, and transcutaneous oxygen pressure(TcPO2). RESULTS: Following bolus administration, the Cmax of AMC was 91.8 ± 52.5 μgmL-1 and the Cmax-tissue of AMC was 7.25 ± 4.5 μgmL-1(P<0.001). The Cmax for CTZ was 186.8 ± 44.1 μgmL-1 and the Cmax-tissue of CTZ was 18.6 ± 7.4 μgmL-1(P<0.0001). Additionally, 67% of patients treated with AMC and 55% of those treated with CTZ achieved tissue fT>MIC levels exceeding 50% and 60%, respectively. We observed positive correlations between both Cmax-tissue and AUCtissue and arterial flow. Specifically, the correlation coefficient for the first phase was r=0.42; (P=0.045), and for the second phase, it was r=0.55(P=0.01)and r=0.5(P=0.021). CONCLUSIONS: Bactericidal activity proved satisfactory in only half to two-thirds of patients with IDFUs, an outcome that appears to correlate primarily with arterial flow.

• MeSH
• antibakteriální látky * farmakokinetika   aplikace a dávkování   terapeutické užití   MeSH
• diabetická noha * farmakoterapie   metabolismus   MeSH
• intravenózní podání MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mikrocirkulace * účinky léků   MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH

Introduction: Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) is associated with volume depletion and hemodynamic alterations. Changes in systemic microcirculation during DKA have not been described so far. Methods: In this case report, we describe the evolution of sublingual microcirculatory changes, monitored using sidestream dark field (SDF) imaging during the treatment of severe diabetic ketoacidosis in a 13-year-old girl. The patient presented a pH of 6.84, a glycemia level of 27.2 mmol/L, a ketonemia level of 5.6 mmol/L, a base excess of -29.4 mmol/L, hypernatremia, hyperosmolality due to acute gastritis, and a malfunction of the glucose sensor. Sublingual microcirculation measurements using an SDF probe were initiated 60 min after the initiation of treatment, which was then repeated 2, 3, 4, 6, 12, and 24 h after treatment initiation, as well as on the day of discharge. Results: Substantial alterations of microvascular perfusion parameters, both total and small vessel densities, perfused vessel densities, and the DeBacker score, were observed during the first 6 to 12 h of treatment. The degree of microcirculatory alteration was strongly negatively correlated with calculated osmolality, sodium levels, ketone and lactate levels, and blood pressure values. Conclusions: DKA is, in its complexity, associated with a serious microcirculatory alteration. SDF imaging provides insight into the severity of the patient's microcirculatory alteration and its evolution during treatment.

• Publikační typ
• kazuistiky MeSH

Ulcerácie dolných končatín žilového pôvodu vznikajú spustením zložitej kaskády zmien v makro a mikrocirkulácii. Ohrozenie života alebo zvýšená incidencia amputácií dolných končatín sú pri venóznych ulceráciách veľmi zriedkavé. Problémom je zreteľné zhoršenie kvality života v dôsledku chronicity, bolestivosti a nárokov na dlhotrvajúce liečenie. Chronická povaha ochorenia vyplýva z lokálnych, celkových a najmä fyzických a psychosociálnych problémov.

Ulcerations of the lower limbs of venous origin are caused by the initiation of a complex cascade of changes in macro- and microcirculation. Life-threatening or increased amputation of the lower limbs are very rare in venous ulcerations. The problem here is a clear deterioration of the quality of life due to chronicity, pain and demands for long-term treatment. The chronic nature of the disease results from local, general and especially physical and psychosocial problems.