Nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium are the three most essential micronutrients which play major roles in plant survivability by being a structural or non-structural component of the cell. Plants acquire these nutrients from soil in the fixed (NO3 ̄, NH4+) and solubilized forms (K+, H2PO4- and HPO42-). In soil, the fixed and solubilized forms of nutrients are unavailable or available in bare minimum amounts; therefore, agrochemicals were introduced. Agrochemicals, mined from the deposits or chemically prepared, have been widely used in the agricultural farms over the decades for the sake of higher production of the crops. The excessive use of agrochemicals has been found to be deleterious for humans, as well as the environment. In the environment, agrochemical usage resulted in soil acidification, disturbance of microbial ecology, and eutrophication of aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems. A solution to such devastating agro-input was found to be substituted by macronutrients-availing microbiomes. Macronutrients-availing microbiomes solubilize and fix the insoluble form of nutrients and convert them into soluble forms without causing any significant harm to the environment. Microbes convert the insoluble form to the soluble form of macronutrients (nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium) through different mechanisms such as fixation, solubilization, and chelation. The microbiomes having capability of fixing and solubilizing nutrients contain some specific genes which have been reported in diverse microbial species surviving in different niches. In the present review, the biodiversity, mechanism of action, and genomics of different macronutrients-availing microbiomes are presented.

• MeSH
• Bacteria * metabolism   genetics   classification   MeSH
• Biodiversity * MeSH
• Biotechnology * MeSH
• Potassium metabolism   MeSH
• Nitrogen metabolism   MeSH
• Phosphorus metabolism   MeSH
• Microbiota * MeSH
• Soil chemistry   MeSH
• Soil Microbiology MeSH
• Crops, Agricultural MeSH
• Agriculture MeSH
• Nutrients * metabolism   MeSH
• Publication type
• Journal Article MeSH
• Review MeSH

Yeasts are unicellular fungi that occur in a wide range of ecological niches, where they perform numerous functions. Furthermore, these microorganisms are used in industrial processes, food production, and bioremediation. Understanding the physiological and adaptive characteristics of yeasts is of great importance from ecological, biotechnological, and industrial perspectives. In this context, we evaluated the abilities to assimilate and ferment different carbon sources, to produce extracellular hydrolytic enzymes, and to tolerate salt stress, heavy metal stress, and UV-C radiation of two isolates of Eremothecium coryli, isolated from Momordica indica fruits. The two isolates were molecularly identified based on sequencing of the 18S-ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 region. Our isolates were able to assimilate nine carbon sources (dextrose, galactose, mannose, cellobiose, lactose, maltose, sucrose, melezitose, and pectin) and ferment three (glucose, maltose, and sucrose). The highest values of cellular dry weight were observed in the sugars maltose, sucrose, and melezitose. We observed the presence of hyphae and pseudohyphae in all assimilated carbon sources. The two isolates were also capable of producing amylase, catalase, pectinase, and proteases, with the highest values of enzymatic activity found in amylase. Furthermore, the two isolates were able to grow in media supplemented with copper, iron, manganese, nickel, and zinc and to tolerate saline stress in media supplemented with 5% NaCl. However, we observed a decrease in CFU at higher concentrations of these metals and NaCl. We also observed morphological changes in the presence of metals, which include changes in cell shape and cellular dimorphisms. The isolates were sensitive to UV-C radiation in the shortest exposure time (1 min). Our findings reinforce the importance of endophytic yeasts for biotechnological and industrial applications and also help to understand how these microorganisms respond to environmental variations caused by human activities.

• MeSH
• Endophytes * isolation & purification   genetics   metabolism   physiology   classification   radiation effects   MeSH
• Fermentation MeSH
• Phylogeny MeSH
• Stress, Physiological * MeSH
• Carbohydrate Metabolism * MeSH
• Fruit * microbiology   MeSH
• Saccharomycetales * isolation & purification   genetics   physiology   metabolism   radiation effects   classification   MeSH
• Metals, Heavy toxicity   MeSH
• Ultraviolet Rays MeSH
• Publication type
• Journal Article MeSH

The honeybee (Apis mellifera) is a key pollinator critical to global agriculture, facing threats from various stressors, including the ectoparasitic Varroa mite (Varroa destructor). Previous studies have identified shared bacteria between Varroa mites and honeybees, yet it remains unclear if these bacteria assemble similarly in both species. This study builds on existing knowledge by investigating co-occurrence patterns in the microbiomes of both Varroa mites and honeybees, shedding light on potential interactions. Leveraging 16S rRNA datasets, we conducted co-occurrence network analyses, explored Core Association Networks (CAN) and assess network robustness. Comparative network analyses revealed structural differences between honeybee and mite microbiomes, along with shared core features and microbial motifs. The mite network exhibited lower robustness, suggesting less resistance to taxa extension compared to honeybees. Furthermore, analyses of predicted functional profiling and taxa contribution revealed that common central pathways in the metabolic networks have different taxa contributing to Varroa mites and honeybee microbiomes. The results show that while both microbial systems exhibit functional redundancy, in which different taxa contribute to the functional stability and resilience of the ecosystem, there is evidence for niche specialization resulting in unique contributions to specific pathways in each part of this host-parasite system. The specificity of taxa contribution to key pathways offers targeted approaches to Varroa microbiome management and preserving honeybee microbiome. Our findings provide valuable insights into microbial interactions, aiding farmers and beekeepers in maintaining healthy and resilient bee colonies amid increasing Varroa mite infestations.

• MeSH
• Bacteria * classification   genetics   isolation & purification   MeSH
• Microbiota * MeSH
• RNA, Ribosomal, 16S genetics   MeSH
• Varroidae * microbiology   MeSH
• Bees microbiology   parasitology   MeSH
• Animals MeSH
• Check Tag
• Animals MeSH
• Publication type
• Journal Article MeSH

Přímé podání dosahuje nejvyšších rychlostí. Pro jeho úspěšné provedení je základem si správně nadhodit míč a zasáhnout ho. Cílem je zjistit, jaký vztah má nadhoz na úspěšnost prvního (přímého) podání u hráček tenisu. Sledovali jsme 8 závodních hráček tenisu dospělé kategorie. Každá z nich provedla 40 přímých podání. Ty byly natáčeny na rychloběžnou kameru (200Hz) z bočního pohledu. Kartézský souřadný systém obsahoval osu X (ve směru základní čára – síť) a osu Y (výšku od země). Na základě 2D kinematické analýzy jsme hodnotili bod vrcholu nadhozu a zásahu míče u podání dle kategorií jeho úspěšnosti: 1) úspěšné 2) do sítě 3) do autu – dlouhý 4) do autu – do strany. Data byla analyzována analýzou rozptylu pro opakovaná měření. Výsledky ukázaly, že vrchol nadhozu byl statisticky významně nižší (cca o 5 cm) u podaní do autu do strany (351,7 ± 21,9 cm) proti ostatním třem sledovaným kategoriím úspěšnostem podání (p < 0,05). Zásah míče neukázal žádné statisticky významné rozdíly, i když podání do autu do strany byla zasahována nejblíže základní čáry a podání do sítě nejdále. Kinematická analýza ukázala určité charakteristiky nadhozu dle kategorizace úspěšnosti i jistou jeho variabilitu. Nadhoz podání ovlivňuje úspěšnost podání, avšak hráčky mohou do jisté míry pomocí vlastních pohybových dovedností kompenzovat jeho nepřesnosti a korigovat svůj pohyb a docílit úspěšného podání. Jedním z častých důvodů podání do autu do strany je nízký nadhoz.

The flat serve reaches the highest speeds. To execute it successfully, the key is to toss the ball correctly and hit it. The aim is to determine the relationship between the toss and the success of the flat serve in female tennis players. We observed 8 competitive female adult tennis players who served 40 flat serves each. They were videotaped on a high-speed camera (200Hz) from the side view. On the basis of 2D kinematic analysis, we evaluated the racket-ball impact during 1) successful serves 2) serves into the net 3) serves fault-long 4) serves fault-wide. Using repeated measures ANOVA, the results showed that the toss peak was significantly lower (approx. 5 cm) for fault serves wide 351,7 ± 21,9 cm ((p < 0.05) compared to all other serve outcomes. The ball impact did not show any statistically significant differences, although fault serves wide had racket-ball contact closest to the baseline, and serves into the net the furthest. Kinematic analyses revealed some characteristics and variability in serve toss of selected serve outcomes. The serve toss affects the success of the serve, but players can to some extent use their own movement skills to compensate for its inaccuracies and make corrections in their movement to achieve a successful serve. One reason for fault serve wide is a low toss.

• MeSH
• Data Analysis MeSH
• Biomechanical Phenomena MeSH
• Time Factors MeSH
• Humans MeSH
• Motor Skills MeSH
• Motion Capture methods   MeSH
• Athletes statistics & numerical data   MeSH
• Athletic Performance * statistics & numerical data   MeSH
• Tennis * physiology   statistics & numerical data   MeSH
• Videotape Recording methods   MeSH
• Check Tag
• Humans MeSH
• Female MeSH
• Publication type
• Clinical Study MeSH

Genetika neurodegeneratívnych demencií je turbulentnou témou súčasnosti. Na jednej strane sa postupne zvyšuje množstvo génov zapojených do patogenézy neurodegeneratívnych procesov, na druhej strane vystupuje problém s interpretáciou dosiahnutých výsledkov. Alzheimerova choroba (AD) a demencia s Lewyho telieskami (DLB) predstavujú v súčasnosti dobre definované klinické jednotky. Alzheimerova choroba má jasne určené kauzálne gény (APP, PSEN1, PSEN2) a významný gén susceptibility (APOE). Popri nich sa postupne objavujú nové gény susceptibility, ktoré modifikujú klinický obraz, vek nástupu ochorenia a spolu s APOE vytvárajú komplikované genetické pozadie. Demencia s Lewyho telieskami je heterogénnejšou entitou ako Alzheimerova choroba z klinického aj genetického hľadiska. Génmi susceptibility DLB sú viaceré gény zdieľané s Alzheimerovou chorobou, Parkinsonovou chorobou (PD), frontotemporálnou demenciou (FTD) a inými neurodegeneráciami. V našom príspevku sa snažíme sumarizovať genetické pozadie AD a DLB, charakterizovať ich podobnosti a rozdiely a poukázať na komplexnosť neurodegeneratívneho ekosystému ("neurodegeneratómu").

The genetics of neurodegenerative dementias is a turbulent topic. On the one hand, the number of genes involved in the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative processes is gradually increasing, on the other hand, the problem of interpretation of the results is emerging. Alzheimer's disease (AD) and dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB) represent currently well-defined clinical entities. AD has clearly defined causal genes (APP, PSEN1, PSEN2) and a major susceptibility gene (APOE). In addition to these, new susceptibi­lity genes are gradually emerging that modify the clinical picture, the age of onset and, together with APOE, create a complicated genetic background. Dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB) is a more heterogeneous entity than Alzheimer's disease, both clinically and genetically. DLB susceptibility genes are multiple genes shared with Alzheimer`s disease, Parkinson disease, frontotemporal dementia (FTD) and other neurodegenerations. In our paper, we aim to summarize the genetic background of both AD and DLB, to characterize their similarities and differences, and to highlight the complexity of the neurodegenerative ecosystem ("neurodegeneratome").

• MeSH
• Alzheimer Disease * diagnosis   genetics   MeSH
• Apolipoproteins metabolism   MeSH
• Lewy Body Disease * diagnosis   genetics   MeSH
• Epigenomics classification   MeSH
• Genetic Background MeSH
• Genetic Testing methods   MeSH
• Humans MeSH
• Neurodegenerative Diseases diagnosis   genetics   MeSH
• Check Tag
• Humans MeSH
• Publication type
• Review MeSH

Spektrum cievnych anomálií s rôznym biologickým správaním je veľmi široké. Vaskulárne anomálie sa rozdeľujú na vaskulárne malformácie a vaskulárne nádory – hemangiómy. Hoci mnohé z nich vyzerajú podobne, ich klinická manifestácia je rozmanitá – od nezávažného samolimitujúceho priebehu po život ohrozujúce komplikácie vyžadujúce intenzívny multidisciplinárny terapeutický prístup. Nezriedka sa aj v odbornej praxi všetky cievne anomálie nesprávne nazývajú hemangiómy. Je veľmi dôležité správne klasifikovať a pomenovať cievnu anomáliu, aby sme mohli zvoliť správnu liečbu a zabrániť vzniku závažných komplikácií. Z vaskulárnych nádorov sa u detí najčastejšie vyskytuje infantilný hemangióm (IH). Je to lézia s úplne typickým biologickým správaním a na jej odlíšenie od iných cievnych anomálií zvyčajne stačí dobre odobratá anamnéza. Iba malá časť IH predstavuje pre dieťa riziko a vyžaduje systémovú alebo kombinovanú multimodálnu liečbu. Vaskulárne malformácie predstavujú heterogénnu skupinu zvyčajne vývinových odchýlok cievneho systému a môžu postihovať ktorýkoľvek typ ciev. Často ide o zmiešané cievne lézie. Symptomatické vaskulárne malformácie sú u detí zriedkavé a mnohokrát predstavujú pre lekárov diagnosticko-terapeutickú výzvu. Prinášame kazuistiku nesyndrómového pacienta, u ktorého sa vyskytli dve zriedkavé symptomatické cievne anomálie vyžadujúce multiodborovú starostlivosť. Korešpondenčná autorka: MUDr. Michaela Murgašová Klinika detí a dorastu JLF UK a UNM Kollárova 2 036 01 Martin Slovenská republika murgasovam@zoznam.sk

The spectrum of vascular anomalies with different biological behavior is very wide. They are divided into vascular malformations and vascular tumors – hemangiomas. Although many of them look similar, their clinical manifestation is different – from a mild self-limiting course to life-threatening complications requiring an intensive multidisciplinary therapeutic approach. Frequently, even in professional practice, all vascular anomalies are incorrectly called hemangiomas. It is very important to classify and name the vascular anomaly correctly so that we can choose the right treatment and prevent serious complications. Infantile hemangioma (IH) is the most common vascular tumor in children. It is a lesion with a completely typical biological behavior and a well-taken history is usually sufficient to distinguish it from other vascular anomalies. Only a small part of IH represents a risk to the child and requires systemic or combined multimodal treatment. Vascular malformations represent a heterogeneous group of usually developmental abnormalities of the vascular system and can affect any type of vessels. These are often mixed vascular lesions. Symptomatic vascular malformations are rare in children and often are diagnostic and therapeutic challenge for doctors. We present a case report of a non-syndromic patient with two rare symptomatic vascular anomalies requiring multidisciplinary care.

• MeSH
• Vascular Malformations diagnosis   classification   MeSH
• Child MeSH
• Endovascular Procedures classification   methods   MeSH
• Hemangioma, Capillary * diagnostic imaging   diagnosis   MeSH
• Carotid-Cavernous Sinus Fistula * diagnostic imaging   diagnosis   classification   complications   MeSH
• Infant MeSH
• Humans MeSH
• Magnetic Resonance Angiography methods   MeSH
• Metoprolol pharmacology   therapeutic use   MeSH
• Infant, Newborn MeSH
• Prednisone pharmacology   therapeutic use   MeSH
• Check Tag
• Child MeSH
• Infant MeSH
• Humans MeSH
• Male MeSH
• Infant, Newborn MeSH
• Publication type
• Case Reports MeSH

Ramanovu spektroskopii lze v chemii použít nejen k určování chemického složení, ale také pro získávání dalších informací o struktuře materiálu. Ve spektrech semikrystalických polymerů lze nalézt vzájemně odlišné pásy charakteristické pro krystalickou nebo amorfní fázi, stanovit z nich krystalinitu a z ní odhadnout míru degradace polymeru. V předložené studii byly vyhodnoceny změny raménka pásu na vlnočtu 1733 cm−1 v Ramanových spektrech vlákna z poly(p-dioxanonu) podrobeného hydrolytické degradaci. Pro různě dlouhé doby degradace byly vypočteny obsahy ploch pod raménkem tohoto pásu a též byl proveden jeho modelový rozklad na předpokládané píky krystalické a amorfní fáze. Obsahy ploch pod raménkem i parametry modelových píků byly porovnány s hodnotami krystalinity získanými pomocí diferenční skenovací kalorimetrie, přičemž bylo dosaženo dobré shody. Tato práce ukazuje příklad využití Ramanovy spektroskopie při studiu hydrolytické degradace polymerů.

Raman spectroscopy can be used in chemistry not just to determine chemical composition, but also to obtain further information on the material structure. In the spectra of semi-crystalline polymers, distinct bands characteristic of the crystalline or the amorphous phase can be found, the degree of crystallinity determined from them, and the degree of polymer degradation estimated from the crystallinity. In the present study, changes in the 1733 cm−1 band shoulder in Raman spectra of poly(p-di­oxanone) fibres subjected to hydrolytic degradation were evaluated. For different degradation periods, the areas under the shoulder of this band were calculated and a model deconvolution of this band into assumed crystalline and amorphous peaks was also performed. The areas under the shoulder, as well as the model peaks' parameters, were compared with the crystallinity values obtained by differential scanning calorimetry, achieving a good agreement. This work shows an example of using Raman spectroscopy when studying the hydrolytic degradation of polymers.

• MeSH
• Humans MeSH
• Polydioxanone chemistry   MeSH
• Polymers chemistry   MeSH
• Spectrum Analysis, Raman * methods   MeSH
• Check Tag
• Humans MeSH

Cíle: Shrnout historii i současné trendy ve využití sklérálních štěpů v oftalmologii. Materiál a metody: Provedli jsme analýzu literatury prostřednictvím databází MEDLINE a Cochrane Library. Hledaná hesla byla “sclera”, “graft”, “surgery”. Výsledkem vyhledávání bylo 1596 článků, z nichž jsme 192 vyhodnotili jako relevantní. Relevantní články byly seřazeny chronologicky a dle způsobu využití sklerálních štěpu, což umožnilo vypracování přehledového článku. Výsledky: Skléra se v oftalmologii rutinně používá od padesátých let dvacátého století, a to v mnoha různých indikacích. Některé z nich se časem staly prakticky obsoletními (například využití při operačním řešení amoce sítnice), ale velká část nachází uplatnění dodnes (zejména využití v glaukomové či okuloplastické chirurgii, případně jako záplata při defektu skléry nebo rohovky). Závěr: I přesto, že je v současné době alogenní skléra oproti jiným produktům tkáňového bankovnictví v oftalmologii využívána spíše méně často a okruh jejích indikací se částečně zúžil, zůstává vzhledem ke své dostupnosti a vlastnostem užitečným a perspektivním materiálem.

Aim: To summarize the history and current trends in the use of scleral grafts in ophthalmology. Materials and methods: We conducted a review of the literature through the MEDLINE and Cochrane Library databases. The search terms were "sclera", "graft", and "surgery". The search resulted in 1596 articles, of which we evaluated 192 as relevant. The relevant articles were sorted chronologically and according to the method of using scleral grafts, which enabled the development of a review article. Results: The sclera has been routinely used in ophthalmology since the 1950s in many different indications. Some of these indications have become practically obsolete over time (for example, use in the surgical management of retinal detachment), but a large number still find application today (especially use in glaucoma or oculoplastic surgery, or as a patch for a defect in the sclera or cornea). Conclusion: Even though allogeneic sclera is currently used less frequently in ophthalmology compared to other tissue banking products and the range of its indications has partially narrowed, it remains a useful material due to its availability and properties.

• MeSH
• Allografts * classification   MeSH
• History, 20th Century MeSH
• Humans MeSH
• Ophthalmologic Surgical Procedures history   classification   methods   MeSH
• Review Literature as Topic MeSH
• Sclera * surgery   MeSH
• Scleroplasty history   classification   methods   MeSH
• Transplants history   classification   MeSH
• Vitreoretinal Surgery history   classification   methods   MeSH
• Check Tag
• History, 20th Century MeSH
• Humans MeSH
• Publication type
• Review MeSH

Citizens play a crucial role in attaining the United Nations 2030 sustainable development goals (SDGs). There is growing awareness of the importance of understanding citizen perspectives on environmental issues, in relation to developing and maintaining sustainable lifestyles, and in addressing perceived threats to protection and restoration of ecosystems and biodiversity. This analysis sought to understand people's attitudes towards environmental conservation, how they relate to perceived threats to the countryside, and to determine how attitudes and perceived threats vary demographically and between countries. A survey was administered to citizens (quota sampled on age, gender, education, and split between rural and urban residency) across five countries representative of differing biogeographical regions (N = 3,190): Czech Republic (n = 649) (Continental); Spain (Mediterranean) (n = 623); Sweden (Boreal) (n = 645); Switzerland (Alpine) (n = 641); United Kingdom (UK) (Atlantic) (n = 632). Attitudes were measured using the Environmental Attitudes Inventory (EAI-24) on 2 factors (utilization; preservation) and perceived threat to the countryside on 1-factor (15 items). Multigroup regression analysis indicated that preservationist attitudes were associated with greater perceived threat to the countryside in all five countries. Higher perceived threat was associated with activities linked to environmental degradation, socio-economic uncertainty and risks in agri-food supply chains in all countries. The "bad behaviour of visitors" was the greatest perceived threat in the Czech Republic, Switzerland and the UK, while "lack of young farmers taking over farming" was the greatest perceived threat in Spain and Sweden. To promote pro-environmental attitudes and obtain greater public support for policies and interventions targeting environmental conservation, communication about environmental threats is needed, together with threat mitigation measures. Raising peoples' awareness of threats to the countryside through targeted communications could promote pro-environment attitudes and potentially result in pro-environmental behaviours.

• MeSH
• Biodiversity MeSH
• Adult MeSH
• Ecosystem MeSH
• Middle Aged MeSH
• Humans MeSH
• Adolescent MeSH
• Young Adult MeSH
• Attitude * MeSH
• Surveys and Questionnaires MeSH
• Aged MeSH
• Conservation of Natural Resources * MeSH
• Check Tag
• Adult MeSH
• Middle Aged MeSH
• Humans MeSH
• Adolescent MeSH
• Young Adult MeSH
• Male MeSH
• Aged MeSH
• Female MeSH
• Publication type
• Journal Article MeSH
• Geographicals
• Czech Republic MeSH
• Europe MeSH
• Spain MeSH

Vedomie predstavuje multidisciplinárny fenomén, ktorým sa intenzívne zaoberá mnoho oblastí neurovied. Tento prehľadový článok predstavuje najnovšie teórie vedomia so zameraním na kvantové teórie a aktuálne neuronálne koreláty vedomia (neuroanatómia vedomia), rozdelené na kortikálne a subkortikálne oblasti. Ako poruchy vedomia spomíname aj veľkú depresívnu poruchu a schizofréniu a snažíme sa na nich pozrieť z inej perspektívy. Všeobecne sa uznáva, že vedomie alebo všeobecnejšie mentálna aktivita nejakým spôsobom koreluje s činnosťou a funkciou "hmotného" mozgu. Keďže kvantová teória je základnou teóriou hmoty, ktorá je v súčasnosti dostupná, ostáva legitímnou otázkou, či nám kvantová teória môže pomôcť hlbšie pochopiť vedomie. Aby sme však lepšie pochopili pojem vedomie, je nevyhnutný podrobnejší a hlbší neurobiologický výskum. Presnejšie posúdenie úrovne vedomia môže pomôcť posilniť naše povedomie a poskytnúť nové nápady pre pacientov s poruchami vedomia.

Consciousness is a multidisciplinary phenomenon that intensively reaches many areas of neuroscience. This review presents the latest theories of consciousness with the focus on quantum theories and actual neuronal correlates of consciousness (neuroanatomy of consciousness), divided into cortical and subcortical regions. We also mention major depressive disorder and schizophrenia as disorders of consciousness and try to look at them form a different perspective. It is widely accepted that consciousness, or mental activity, is somehow correlated with the activity and function of the "material" brain. Since quantum theory is the fundamental theory of matter currently available, it remains a legitimate question whether quantum theory can help us gain a deeper understanding of consciousness. However, to better understand the concept of consciousness, more detailed and deeper neurobiological research is necessary. A more accurate assessment of level of consciousness can help to build awareness and provide new ideas for patients with impaired consciousness.