Foodborne diseases triggered by various infectious micro-organisms are contributing significantly to the global disease burden as well as to increasing mortality rates. Salmonella enterica belongs to the most prevalent form of bacteria accountable for significant burden of foodborne illness across the globe. The conventional therapeutic approach to cater to Salmonella enterica-based infections relies on antibiotic therapy, but the rapid emergence of the antibiotic resistance strains of Salmonella sp. necessitates the development of alternative treatment and prevention strategies. In light of this growing concern, the scientific community is rigorously exploring novel phytochemicals harnessed from medicinally important plants as a promising approach to curb Salmonella enterica infections. A variety of phytochemicals belonging to alkaloids, phenols, flavonoid, and terpene classes are reported to exhibit their inhibitory activity against bacterial cell communication, membrane proteins, efflux pumps, and biofilm formation among drug resistant Salmonella strains. The present review article delves to discuss the emergence of antibiotic resistance among Salmonella enterica strains, various plant sources, identification of phytochemicals, and the current state of research on the use of phytochemicals as antimicrobial agents against Salmonella enterica, shedding light on the promising potential of phytochemicals in the fight against this pathogen.
- MeSH
- Anti-Bacterial Agents * pharmacology MeSH
- Drug Resistance, Bacterial MeSH
- Phytochemicals * pharmacology chemistry MeSH
- Humans MeSH
- Foodborne Diseases microbiology prevention & control drug therapy MeSH
- Salmonella enterica * drug effects MeSH
- Salmonella Infections * microbiology drug therapy MeSH
- Animals MeSH
- Check Tag
- Humans MeSH
- Animals MeSH
- Publication type
- Journal Article MeSH
- Review MeSH
V této kazuistice se budeme věnovat případu 14letého chlapce, který byl přivezen zdravotnickou záchrannou službou (ZZS) na dětské oddělení naší nemocnice pro dva dny trvající horečky, dehydrataci a celkové vyčerpání. Kromě horeček se u chlapce za hospitalizace postupně rozvíjely příznaky respiračního infektu, objevily se průjmovité stolice a makulózní exantém s bílým dermografismem. Z anamnézy bylo při příjmu zjištěno, že se chlapec před dvěma dny vrátil z pobytu v tropické oblasti.
In this article we present a case of a fourteen-year-old boy who was transported via ambulance to our Pediatric Ward due to a two-day-lasting fever, dehydration and total exhaustion. Additionally, the patient progressively developed respiratory symptoms, diarrhoea and rash with white dermographism during hospitalization. The medical history revealed that the boy had been visiting a tropical destination two days prior to hospital admission.
- MeSH
- Travel-Related Illness * MeSH
- Dengue diagnosis transmission virology MeSH
- Diagnosis, Differential MeSH
- Fever * diagnosis etiology classification microbiology MeSH
- Coinfection etiology classification microbiology MeSH
- Humans MeSH
- Adolescent MeSH
- Diarrhea diagnosis etiology microbiology MeSH
- Salmonella enterica classification pathogenicity MeSH
- Tracheitis diagnosis etiology drug therapy microbiology MeSH
- Tropical Medicine MeSH
- Check Tag
- Humans MeSH
- Adolescent MeSH
- Male MeSH
- Publication type
- Review MeSH
Fosfomycin (FOS) is an effective antibiotic against multidrug-resistant Enterobacterales, but its effectiveness is reducing. Little is known on the current prevalence of FosA enzymes in low-risk pathogens, such as Citrobacter freundii. The aim of the study was the molecular characterization of a carbapenemase- and FosA-producing C. freundii collected in Italy. AK867, collected in 2023, showed an XDR profile, retaining susceptibility only to colistin. AK867 showed a FOS MIC >128 mg/L by ADM. Based on WGS, AK867 belonged to ST116 and owned a wide resistome, including fosA3, blaKPC-2, and blaVIM-1. fosA3 was carried by a conjugative pKPC-CAV1312 plasmid of 320,480 bp, on a novel composite transposon (12,907 bp). FosA3 transposon shared similarities with other fosA3-harboring pKPC-CAV1312 plasmids among Citrobacter spp. We report the first case of FosA3 production in clinical carbapenemase-producing C. freundii ST116. The incidence of FosA3 enzymes is increasing among Enterobacterales, affecting even low-virulence pathogens, as C. freundii.
- MeSH
- Anti-Bacterial Agents * pharmacology MeSH
- Bacterial Proteins * genetics metabolism MeSH
- beta-Lactamases * genetics metabolism MeSH
- Citrobacter freundii * genetics enzymology drug effects MeSH
- Enterobacteriaceae Infections * microbiology MeSH
- Fosfomycin * pharmacology MeSH
- Humans MeSH
- Microbial Sensitivity Tests MeSH
- Drug Resistance, Multiple, Bacterial genetics MeSH
- Plasmids genetics MeSH
- Whole Genome Sequencing MeSH
- DNA Transposable Elements MeSH
- Check Tag
- Humans MeSH
- Publication type
- Journal Article MeSH
- Geographicals
- Italy MeSH
OBJECTIVES: To characterize the genetic basis of azithromycin resistance in Escherichia coli and Salmonella collected within the EU harmonized antimicrobial resistance (AMR) surveillance programme in 2014-18 and the Danish AMR surveillance programme in 2016-19. METHODS: WGS data of 1007 E. coli [165 azithromycin resistant (MIC > 16 mg/L)] and 269 Salmonella [29 azithromycin resistant (MIC > 16 mg/L)] were screened for acquired macrolide resistance genes and mutations in rplDV, 23S rRNA and acrB genes using ResFinder v4.0, AMRFinder Plus and custom scripts. Genotype-phenotype concordance was determined for all isolates. Transferability of mef(C)-mph(G)-carrying plasmids was assessed by conjugation experiments. RESULTS: mph(A), mph(B), mef(B), erm(B) and mef(C)-mph(G) were detected in E. coli and Salmonella, whereas erm(C), erm(42), ere(A) and mph(E)-msr(E) were detected in E. coli only. The presence of macrolide resistance genes, alone or in combination, was concordant with the azithromycin-resistant phenotype in 69% of isolates. Distinct mph(A) operon structures were observed in azithromycin-susceptible (n = 50) and -resistant (n = 136) isolates. mef(C)-mph(G) were detected in porcine and bovine E. coli and in porcine Salmonella enterica serovar Derby and Salmonella enterica 1,4, [5],12:i:-, flanked downstream by ISCR2 or TnAs1 and associated with IncIγ and IncFII plasmids. CONCLUSIONS: Diverse azithromycin resistance genes were detected in E. coli and Salmonella from food-producing animals and meat in Europe. Azithromycin resistance genes mef(C)-mph(G) and erm(42) appear to be emerging primarily in porcine E. coli isolates. The identification of distinct mph(A) operon structures in susceptible and resistant isolates increases the predictive power of WGS-based methods for in silico detection of azithromycin resistance in Enterobacterales.
- MeSH
- Anti-Bacterial Agents * pharmacology MeSH
- Azithromycin * pharmacology MeSH
- Genes, Bacterial MeSH
- Drug Resistance, Bacterial * genetics MeSH
- Epidemiological Monitoring MeSH
- Escherichia coli * drug effects genetics MeSH
- Genotype MeSH
- Escherichia coli Infections microbiology MeSH
- Macrolides pharmacology MeSH
- Meat * microbiology MeSH
- Microbial Sensitivity Tests * MeSH
- Plasmids genetics MeSH
- Swine MeSH
- Salmonella * drug effects genetics isolation & purification MeSH
- Whole Genome Sequencing MeSH
- Animals MeSH
- Check Tag
- Animals MeSH
- Publication type
- Journal Article MeSH
- Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't MeSH
- Geographicals
- Europe MeSH
V době od 28. března do 2. dubna 2023 onemocnělo akutní gastroenteritidou po konzumaci pokrmů z potravy celkem 135 osob (52 mužů a 83 žen) ve věku od 2 do 79 let z celkového počtu 339 exponovaných osob (339 vydaných porcí). Attack rate činil 39,82 %. Nákaza měla středně těžký až těžký průběh s dobou trvání až několik dnů. Celkem 8 osob bylo hospitalizováno ve zdravotnických zařízeních, další desítky osob byly ambulantně ošetřeny. V rámci této kauzy bylo provedeno celkem 102 odběrů biologického materiálu a 51 odběrů z potravin a prostředí. Souběžně byla prováděna též mnohočetná epidemiologická šetření a probíhala úzká spolupráce zejména s odborem hygieny výživy. Laboratorní výsledky vyšetření odebraných biologických materiálů (rektálních výtěrů) na bakteriologii byly v 99 případech pozitivní na agens Salmonella Thompson a 3krát byla potvrzena pozitivita u vzorků z potravin a z prostředí. Finálně bylo potvrzeno, že kmeny S. Thompson z odebraných vzorků tvořily jednoznačně identifikovatelný cluster, a to izolovaný cluster geneticky souvisejících izolátů, který se nacházel pouze v ČR.
Between 28 March and 2 April 2023, a total of 135 persons (52 males and 83 females) aged between 2 and 79 years contracted acute gastroenteritis after consuming food, out of a total of 339 exposed persons (339 servings dispensed). The attack rate was 39.82%. The course of the infection was moderate to severe with a duration of up to several days, and a total of 8 persons were hospitalized in health care facilities, while dozens of other persons were treated as outpatients. A total of 102 biological material samples and 51 food and environmental samples were taken in this case. Concurrently, multiple epidemiological investigations were also carried out and close cooperation was maintained, in particular with the Division of Food Hygiene. The laboratory results of bacteriological testing of the collected biological materials (rectal swabs) were positive for Salmonella Thompson in 99 cases, and positivity was confirmed 3 times in food and environmental samples. Finally, it was confirmed that the S. Thompson strains from the collected samples formed a uniquely identifiable cluster, namely an isolated cluster of genetically related isolates that was found only in the Czech Republic.
- Keywords
- Salmonella Thompson,
- MeSH
- Epidemics MeSH
- Hygiene MeSH
- Food Contamination analysis MeSH
- Humans MeSH
- Microbiological Techniques MeSH
- Restaurants MeSH
- Salmonella isolation & purification MeSH
- Salmonella Infections * diagnosis epidemiology etiology MeSH
- Check Tag
- Humans MeSH
- Geographicals
- Czech Republic MeSH
The diverse environmental distribution of Salmonella makes it a global source of human gastrointestinal infections. This study aimed to detect Salmonella spp. and explore their diversity and antimicrobial susceptibility patterns in clinical and environmental samples. Pre-enrichment, selective enrichment, and selective plating techniques were adopted for the Salmonella detection whereas the API 20E test and Vitek Compact 2 system were used to confirm the identity of isolates. Salmonella serovars were subjected to molecular confirmation by 16S rDNA gene sequencing. Disc diffusion method and Vitek 2 Compact system determined the antibiotic susceptibility of Salmonella serovars. Multiple antibiotic resistance index (MARI) was calculated to explore whether Salmonella serovars originate from areas with heavy antibiotic usage. Results depicted low Salmonella prevalence in clinical and environmental samples (3.5%). The main detected serovars included Salmonella Typhimurium, S. enteritidis, S. Infantis, S. Newlands, S. Heidelberg, S. Indian, S. Reading, and S. paratyphi C. All the detected Salmonella serovars (27) exhibited multidrug resistance to three or more antimicrobial classes. The study concludes that the overall Salmonella serovars prevalence was found to be low in environmental and clinical samples of Western Saudi Arabia (Makkah and Jeddah). However, antimicrobial susceptibility patterns of human and environmental Salmonella serovars revealed that all isolates exhibited multidrug-resistance (MDR) patterns to frequently used antibiotics, which might reflect antibiotic overuse in clinical and veterinary medicine. It would be suitable to apply and enforce rules and regulations from the One Health approach, which aim to prevent antibiotic resistance infections, enhance food safety, and improve human and animal health, given that all Salmonella spp. detected in this investigation were exhibiting MDR patterns.
- MeSH
- Anti-Bacterial Agents * pharmacology MeSH
- DNA, Bacterial genetics MeSH
- Phylogeny MeSH
- Humans MeSH
- Microbial Sensitivity Tests * MeSH
- Environmental Microbiology MeSH
- Drug Resistance, Multiple, Bacterial * MeSH
- Prevalence MeSH
- RNA, Ribosomal, 16S * genetics MeSH
- Salmonella enterica * drug effects genetics isolation & purification classification MeSH
- Salmonella Infections * microbiology epidemiology MeSH
- Serogroup * MeSH
- Check Tag
- Humans MeSH
- Publication type
- Journal Article MeSH
- Geographicals
- Saudi Arabia MeSH
A complex epidemiological situation marked the health system at the time of the establishment of the Czechoslovak Republic. Reducing the number of infectious diseases was an essential task of the State Administration of Health. It required new legislation and various steps directed at reducing infectious diseases. Serious infectious diseases, such as scarlet fever, diphtheria, typhoid, dysentery, smallpox, and malaria, were among the most significant health problems in Czechoslovakia. In 1920, Act No. 412 Coll. regarding compulsory smallpox vaccination was issued, as well as government Regulation No. 298, which describes vaccination obligations and stipulated proper isolation of patients with infectious diseases. Other steps that led to improvements included establishing the National Institute of Health and mobile disinfectant units. Conclusion: The systematic development of new legislation contributed to the new Republic's proficiency at the task and the gradual reduction in the number of infectious diseases.
- MeSH
- World War I MeSH
- Academies and Institutes MeSH
- Typhoid Fever * prevention & control MeSH
- Humans MeSH
- Smallpox * prevention & control MeSH
- Check Tag
- Humans MeSH
- Publication type
- Journal Article MeSH
Salmonella spp. is a common zoonotic pathogen, causing gastrointestinal infections in people. Pigs and pig meat are a major source of infection. Although farm biosecurity is believed to be important for controlling Salmonella transmission, robust evidence is lacking on which measures are most effective. This study enrolled 250 pig farms across nine European countries. From each farm, 20 pooled faecal samples (or similar information) were collected and analysed for Salmonella presence. Based on the proportion of positive results, farms were categorised as at higher or lower Salmonella risk, and associations with variables from a comprehensive questionnaire investigated. Multivariable analysis indicated that farms were less likely to be in the higher-risk category if they had '<400 sows'; used rodent baits close to pig enclosures; isolated stay-behind (sick) pigs; did not answer that the hygiene lock/ anteroom was easy to clean; did not have a full perimeter fence; did apply downtime of at least 3 days between farrowing batches; and had fully slatted flooring in all fattener buildings. A principal components analysis assessed the sources of variation between farms, and correlation between variables. The study results suggest simple control measures that could be prioritised on European pig farms to control Salmonella.
- MeSH
- Biosecurity MeSH
- Animal Husbandry methods MeSH
- Farms MeSH
- Swine Diseases * epidemiology prevention & control MeSH
- Swine MeSH
- Salmonella MeSH
- Salmonella Infections, Animal * epidemiology prevention & control MeSH
- Animals MeSH
- Check Tag
- Female MeSH
- Animals MeSH
- Publication type
- Journal Article MeSH
- Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't MeSH
- Geographicals
- Europe MeSH
Salmonella enterica serovar Kentucky is one of the food-borne zoonotic pathogens which is isolated in high frequency from poultry meat in the recent decades and is known for its multidrug resistance. The current study was aimed to isolate and characterize a bacteriophage against S. enterica serovar Kentucky isolate, 5925, which showed resistance to at least seven antibiotics and to study its efficiency to decontaminate S. Kentucky from chicken skin. The bacteriophage against S. enterica serovar Kentucky was isolated and was named vB_SenS_Ib_psk2 representing the place, source, and host. Electron microscopy revealed that the phage possesses isometric head and contractile tail, indicative of Siphoviridae family. Molecular detection of major capsid protein E gene yielded 511 bp, and NCBI blast analysis revealed that the phage belonged to the genus chivirus. The optimum temperature and pH for phage survival and multiplication were found to be - 20 to 42 °C and 6-10, respectively. One-step growth curve experiment of vB_SenS_Ib_psk2 revealed a latent period of 20 min and burst size of 253 phages/bacterial cell. The host susceptibility studies revealed that 83% of MDR isolates of S. enterica were susceptible to vB_SenS_Ib_psk2. Artificial spiking studies on chicken skin revealed that high multiplicity of infection (MOI) of phages of 106 pfu/mL is required for significant reduction (p ≤ 0.01) of bacterial concentration (0.14 ± 0.04) after 24-h incubation at 8 °C compared to group 1 (2.55 ± 0.89 cfu/mL).
- MeSH
- Anti-Bacterial Agents MeSH
- Bacteriophages * genetics MeSH
- Salmonella enterica * MeSH
- Serogroup MeSH
- Siphoviridae * genetics MeSH
- Publication type
- Journal Article MeSH
- Geographicals
- Kentucky MeSH
