BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Enhanced Recovery After Surgery (ERAS) guidelines for Radical Cystectomy (RC) were published over ten years ago. Aim of this systematic review is to update ERAS recommendations for patients undergoing RC and to give an expert opinion on the relevance of each single ERAS item. METHODS: A systematic review was performed to identify the impact of each single ERAS item on RC outcomes. Embase and Medline (through Pubmed) were searched systematically. Relevant articles were selected and graded. For each ERAS item, a level of evidence was determined. An e-Delphi consensus was then performed amongst an international panel with renowned experience in RC to provide recommendations based on expert opinion. KEY FINDINGS AND LIMITATIONS: Preoperative medical optimization and avoiding bowel preparation are highly recommended. Robotic-assisted RC with intracorporeal urinary diversion is moderately recommended and can help in applying other ERAS items, such as early mobilization. Medical thromboprophylaxis should be administered and nasogastric tube should be removed at the end of surgery. Perioperative fluid restriction as well as opioid-sparing anesthesia protocols should be implemented. Generally, consensus was reached on most ERAS items, with the exception of epidural anesthesia (no consensus), resection site drainage (consensus against), and type of urinary drainage. Limitations include the lack of a multidisciplinary approach to the present consensus, giving however a highly specialized surgical opinion on ERAS. CONCLUSIONS: and clinical implications: The current study updates ERAS recommendations for patients undergoing RC and suggests application of ERAS by a panel of experts in the field.

• MeSH
• Early Ambulation MeSH
• Surgeons MeSH
• Cystectomy * methods   MeSH
• Urinary Diversion methods   MeSH
• Humans MeSH
• Urinary Bladder Neoplasms surgery   MeSH
• Robotic Surgical Procedures MeSH
• Practice Guidelines as Topic MeSH
• Enhanced Recovery After Surgery * MeSH
• Check Tag
• Humans MeSH
• Publication type
• Journal Article MeSH
• Review MeSH
• Systematic Review MeSH

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) main protease (Mpro) autocatalytically releases itself out of the viral polyprotein to form a fully active mature dimer in a manner that is not fully understood. Here, we introduce several tools to help elucidate differences between cis (intramolecular) and trans (intermolecular) proteolytic processing and to evaluate inhibition of precursor Mpro. We found that many mutations at the P1 position of the N-terminal autoprocessing site do not block cis autoprocessing but do inhibit trans processing. Notably, substituting the WT glutamine at the P1 position with isoleucine retains Mpro in an unprocessed precursor form that can be purified and further studied. We also developed a cell-based reporter assay suitable for compound library screening and evaluation in HEK293T cells. This assay can detect both overall Mpro inhibition and the fraction of uncleaved precursor form of Mpro through separable fluorescent signals. We observed that inhibitory compounds preferentially block mature Mpro. Bofutrelvir and a novel compound designed in-house showed the lowest selectivity between precursor and mature Mpro, indicating that inhibition of both forms may be possible. Additionally, we observed positive modulation of precursor activity at low concentrations of inhibitors. Our findings help expand understanding of the SARS-CoV-2 viral life cycle and may facilitate development of strategies to target precursor form of Mpro for inhibition or premature activation of Mpro.

• MeSH
• Antiviral Agents * pharmacology   chemistry   MeSH
• COVID-19 Drug Treatment MeSH
• HEK293 Cells MeSH
• Protease Inhibitors pharmacology   chemistry   MeSH
• Coronavirus 3C Proteases * metabolism   antagonists & inhibitors   chemistry   genetics   MeSH
• Humans MeSH
• Mutation MeSH
• Drug Discovery * methods   MeSH
• Proteolysis MeSH
• SARS-CoV-2 * enzymology   drug effects   metabolism   genetics   MeSH
• Check Tag
• Humans MeSH
• Publication type
• Journal Article MeSH

The biosynthesis of the lincosamide antibiotics lincomycin A and celesticetin involves the pyridoxal-5'-phosphate (PLP)-dependent enzymes LmbF and CcbF, which are responsible for bifurcation of the biosynthetic pathways. Despite recognizing the same S-glycosyl-L-cysteine structure of the substrates, LmbF catalyses thiol formation through β-elimination, whereas CcbF produces S-acetaldehyde through decarboxylation-coupled oxidative deamination. The structural basis for the diversification mechanism remains largely unexplored. Here we conduct structure-function analyses of LmbF and CcbF. X-ray crystal structures, docking and molecular dynamics simulations reveal that active-site aromatic residues play important roles in controlling the substrate binding mode and the reaction outcome. Furthermore, the reaction selectivity and oxygen-utilization of LmbF and CcbF were rationally engineered through structure- and calculation-based mutagenesis. Thus, the catalytic function of CcbF was switched to that of LmbF, and, remarkably, both LmbF and CcbF variants gained the oxidative-amidation activity to produce an unnatural S-acetamide derivative of lincosamide.

• MeSH
• Catalytic Domain MeSH
• Crystallography, X-Ray MeSH
• Lincosamides * chemistry   biosynthesis   metabolism   MeSH
• Pyridoxal Phosphate * metabolism   chemistry   MeSH
• Molecular Dynamics Simulation MeSH
• Molecular Docking Simulation MeSH
• Publication type
• Journal Article MeSH

In an asymptomatic population, we investigated the relationships between glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c) and cartilage T2 relaxation time at the knee joint level. Fourteen and 17 participants with high and normal levels of HbA1c were recruited, respectively. A blood sample was used to determine the HbA1c level. T2 relaxation time (T2) of the superficial and deep parts of the femoral cartilage in the anterior, central, and posterior topographical sites was calculated using magnetic resonance (1.5 T) images. Each participant completed a knee injury and osteoarthritis outcome score questionnaire (KOOS) and a series of biomechanical analyses while running at their self-selected speed. The group with a high level of HbA1c had a lower score of KOOS symptoms than the other group (P < 0.05). HbA1c was found to be negatively related to the KOOS symptoms score. The group with a high level of HbA1c had low T2 values in all of the investigated topographical sites of the knee femoral cartilage (P < 0.05 in all cases). T2 was negatively correlated with HbA1c levels in all investigated knee femoral cartilage regions. Our data suggest that the subjects with high levels of HbA1c were those with low knee joint symptoms and lower values of T2. These results indicate that HbA1c could be correlated with cartilage deterioration due to its ability to dehydrate collagen fibre, possibly acting as a risk factor for the development of osteoarthritis.

• MeSH
• Osteoarthritis, Knee blood   physiopathology   MeSH
• Adult MeSH
• Glycated Hemoglobin * metabolism   MeSH
• Cartilage, Articular * metabolism   MeSH
• Knee Joint * MeSH
• Middle Aged MeSH
• Humans MeSH
• Magnetic Resonance Imaging MeSH
• Check Tag
• Adult MeSH
• Middle Aged MeSH
• Humans MeSH
• Male MeSH
• Female MeSH
• Publication type
• Journal Article MeSH

Východiska. S globalizací internetu se stala online pornografie snadno dostupnou, což výrazně proměnilo celý pornografický průmysl. Významné rozšíření online pornografie dokládá i skutečnost, že pornografické webové portály patřily v roce 2024 mezi 25 světově nejnavštěvovanějších webových stránek. Z dostupných dat se ukazuje, že se sledováním této formy pornografie má zkušenost většina dospělé populace (70–90 %), současně ale nebyly v českém prostředí blíže prozkoumány deskriptivní charakteristiky její konzumace dospělou populací. Cíle. Z toho důvodu si tato studie klade za cíl zmapovat obecné charakteristiky užívání pornografického obsahu dospělou populací v České republice, se zaměřením na věk první expozice, frekvenci sledování za posledních 30 dní a průměrnou dobu strávenou konzumací pornografie v pracovních dnech a ve dnech volna. Metodologie. Pro naplnění cílů byl zvolen kvantitativní design výzkumu, pro deskripci obecného užívání pornografie byly formulovány vlastní otázky. Data byla sbírána prostřednictvím online dotazníkového šetření distribuovaného skrze sociální sítě. Soubor. Výzkumný soubor byl sestaven na základě samovýběru respondentů. Výběrový soubor tvořilo celkem 1061 respondentů české dospělé populace ve věkovém rozmezí 18 až 72 let, z toho 397 mužů (37,4 %) a 664 žen (62,6 %). Výsledky. Medián věku prvního sledování pornografie byl u mužů i u žen 13 let. Muži vykazovali signifikantně vyšší četnost i průměrnou dobu sledování pornografického obsahu než ženy. Diskuse a závěry. Medián věku prvního sledování pornografie u českých mužů odpovídá zahraničním výzkumům, zatímco u českých žen je výrazně nižší. Diskutovány jsou možné dopady pandemie covidu-19 a technologického pokroku na změny v užívání pornografického obsahu.

Background. With the globalisation of the Internet, online pornography has become easily accessible, which has significantly transformed the entire pornography industry. This phenomenon is underscored by the fact that pornographic online web portals were among the world‘s top 25 most visited websites in 2024. The extant data demonstrate that the majority of the adult population (70-90%) has experience of viewing pornography; however, the descriptive characteristics of its consumption by the adult population in the Czech environment have not been further explored. Aims. The objective of this study was to map the general characteristics of pornographic content use in the adult population in the Czech Republic. The specific focus of the study was on the age of first exposure, the frequency of viewing over the last 30 days, and the average time spent consuming pornography on work and leisure days. Methodology. To achieve the objectives, a quantitative research design was chosen, and specific questions were formulated to describe the general use of pornography. Data was collected through an online questionnaire distributed via social sites. Sample. The research population was derived from a self-selected sample of respondents. The sample consisted of 1,061 respondents from the Czech adult population aged between 18 and 72 years, of which 397 were male (37.4%) and 664 were female (62.6%). Results. The median age at which respondents first viewed pornography was 13 years, irrespective of gender. The results indicate that, overall, males had a significantly higher frequency and median duration of viewing pornographic content than females. Discussion and conclusions. The median of the age of first viewing pornography for men is consistent with foreign research, but is significantly lower for Czech women. The possible effects of the covid-19 pandemic and technological advances on changes in pornographic content use are discussed.

Zavedení hrudního drénu, ačkoli jde o relativně rutinní chirurgický výkon prováděný na chirurgických pracovištích všech typů, stále v běžné praxi vyvolává určité nejistoty ohledně indikací, optimálního načasování extrakce a řešení možných komplikací. Hrudní drenáž je navíc často prováděna i lékaři z nechirurgických oborů, zejména v podmínkách intenzivní péče nebo na plicních odděleních. Cílem tohoto přehledového článku je prostřednictvím jednoduše aplikovatelných doporučení, založených na aktuálních vědeckých poznatcích, objasnit klíčové aspekty spojené s hrudní drenáží. Publikace se zaměřuje především na akutní zavádění drénu pro pneumotorax a fluidotorax, anatomická a technická specifika výkonu, správnou lokalizaci místa drenáže, volbu vhodného drénu, zásady péče o pacienta, prevence i rozpoznání potenciálně závažných stavů a řešení nejčastějších komplikací.

Although the insertion of a chest drain is a minor and common surgical procedure performed across all types of surgical departments, it continues to raise some uncertainties in clinical practice regarding indications, optimal timing of removal, and management of potential complications. Moreover, chest drainage is often performed by physicians from non-surgical specialties, particularly in intensive care settings or pulmonary departments. The aim of this review article is to clarify the key aspects of chest drainage through easily applicable recommendations based on current scientific evidence. The publication primarily focuses on the acute insertion of chest drains for pneumothorax and pleural effusion, addressing the anatomical and technical specifics of the procedure, proper localization of the drainage site, selection of an appropriate drain, principles of patient care, prevention and recognition of potentially serious conditions, and management of the most common complications.

• MeSH
• Thoracic Wall anatomy & histology   MeSH
• Humans MeSH
• Pleural Effusion therapy   MeSH
• Pneumothorax therapy   MeSH
• Drainage, Postural * methods   adverse effects   MeSH
• Check Tag
• Humans MeSH
• Publication type
• Review MeSH

Úvod: Inhibícia aktivity proproteín konvertázy subtilizín/kexín typu 9 predstavuje účinnú stratégiu na zníženie LDL cholesterolu (LDL-C), ktorý je jedným z hlavných kardiovaskulárnych rizikových faktorov. Inklisiran, prvá malá interferujúca RNA cielená na PCSK9, preukázal v klinických štúdiách zníženie LDL-C o 50 %. Ciele: Cieľom tejto štúdie bolo opísať účinky inklisiranu v reálnych klinických podmienkach spolu s prvými klinickými skúsenosťami s jeho používaním na Slovensku. Metódy: V tejto observačnej štúdii bolo na liečbu inklisiranom vybraných 36 pacientov v rámci štandardných klinických vyšetrení, postupov a úhrady zo zdravotného poistenia. U každého pacienta sa pred podaním žiadosti o schválenie terapie vykonalo štandardné hodnotenie lipidového profilu a stanovenie vysokosenzitívneho C-reaktívneho proteínu (hsCRP), ktoré sa zopakovalo mesiac po podaní dvoch dávok inklisiranu. Priemerná zmena hladín lipidového profilu bola vypočítaná u každého pacienta, ktorý absolvoval tretiu dávku inklisiranu. Výsledky: Liečba inklisiranom bola schválená pre 36 pacientov, z toho 27 s aterosklerotickým ochorením koronárnych artérií a 9 po prekonaní cievnej mozgovej príhody. Súbor zahŕňal 1 pacienta intolerantného na statíny, 28 pacientov na maximálnej dávke statínov a 7 na zníženej dávke. Po 3 mesiacoch sa hladina LDL-C znížila o 57,5 %, hsCRP na 1,2 mg/dl a lipoproteín(a) o 14,3 ± 6,4 %. Bezpečnostné výsledky boli v súlade s klinickými štúdiami – mierna bolesť v mieste vpichu sa vyskytla u 26 pacientov a chrípkové príznaky u 3 pacientov. Záver: Inklisiran preukázal účinné zníženie hladín LDL-C a hsCRP, pričom výsledky mierne prevýšili klinické štúdie. Redukcia lipoproteínu(a) sa medzi pacientmi líšila. Bezpečnostný profil bol v súlade s očakávaniami, čo potvrdzuje potenciál inklisiranu pre širšie klinické využitie.

Background: Inhibiting proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 activity is an effective strategy to lower LDL cholesterol (LDL-C), a major cardiovascular risk factor. Inclisiran, the first small interfering RNA targeting PCSK9, has shown a 50% LDL-C reduction in clinical trials. Aims: The aim of this study was to describe the effects of inclisiran in real-world clinical settings, along with the first clinical experiences of its use in Slovakia. Methods: In this observational study, 36 patients were selected for inclisiran therapy as part of standard clinical assessments, procedures, and reimbursement from public health insurance. Each patient underwent a standard lipid profile assessment and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP) testing before submitting applications for therapy approval, and again one month after receiving two doses of inclisiran. The average change in lipid profile levels was calculated for each patient who completed the third dose of inclisiran. Results: Inclisiran therapy was approved for 36 patients, including 27 with athero­sclerotic coronary artery disease and 9 with prior strokes. The cohort included 1 statin-intolerant patient, 28 on maximum statin doses, and 7 on reduced doses. After 3 months, LDL-C dropped by 57.5%, hsCRP to 1.2mg/dL, and lipoprotein(a) by 14.3 ± 6.4%. Safety outcomes mirrored clinical trials, with mild injection-site pain in 26 cases and flu-like symptoms in 3. Conclusions: Inclisiran demonstrated an effective reduction in LDL-C and hsCRP levels, slightly exceeding clinical trial outcomes, but lipoprotein(a) reductions varied among patients. Safety was consistent with expectations, confirming inclisiran's potential for broader clinical use.

• Keywords
• inclisiran,
• MeSH
• C-Reactive Protein analysis   drug effects   MeSH
• Adult MeSH
• Dyslipidemias * drug therapy   MeSH
• Hypolipidemic Agents administration & dosage   MeSH
• Cholesterol, LDL analysis   drug effects   MeSH
• Middle Aged MeSH
• Humans MeSH
• Lipoprotein(a) analysis   drug effects   MeSH
• RNA, Small Interfering * administration & dosage   MeSH
• Aged MeSH
• Check Tag
• Adult MeSH
• Middle Aged MeSH
• Humans MeSH
• Male MeSH
• Aged MeSH
• Female MeSH
• Publication type
• Clinical Study MeSH

OBJECTIVES: To assess the ability, as well as factors affecting the ability, of ultrasound examiners with different levels of ultrasound experience to detect correctly infiltration of ovarian cancer in predefined anatomical locations, and to evaluate the inter-rater agreement regarding the presence or absence of cancer infiltration, using preacquired ultrasound videoclips obtained in a selected patient sample with a high prevalence of cancer spread. METHODS: This study forms part of the Imaging Study in Advanced ovArian Cancer multicenter observational study (NCT03808792). Ultrasound videoclips showing assessment of infiltration of ovarian cancer were obtained by the principal investigator (an ultrasound expert, who did not participate in rating) at 19 predefined anatomical sites in the abdomen and pelvis, including five sites that, if infiltrated, would indicate tumor non-resectability. For each site, there were 10 videoclips showing cancer infiltration and 10 showing no cancer infiltration. The reference standard was either findings at surgery with histological confirmation or response to chemotherapy. For statistical analysis, the 19 sites were grouped into four anatomical regions: pelvis, middle abdomen, upper abdomen and lymph nodes. The videoclips were assessed by raters comprising both senior gynecologists (mainly self-trained expert ultrasound examiners who perform preoperative ultrasound assessment of ovarian cancer spread almost daily) and gynecologists who had undergone a minimum of 6 months' supervised training in the preoperative ultrasound assessment of ovarian cancer spread in a gynecological oncology center. The raters were classified as highly experienced or less experienced based on annual individual caseload and the number of years that they had been performing ultrasound evaluation of ovarian cancer spread. Raters were aware that for each site there would be 10 videoclips with and 10 without cancer infiltration. Each rater independently classified every videoclip as showing or not showing cancer infiltration and rated the image quality (on a scale from 0 to 10) and their diagnostic confidence (on a scale from 0 to 10). A generalized linear mixed model with random effects was used to estimate which factors (including level of experience, image quality, diagnostic confidence and anatomical region) affected the likelihood of a correct classification of cancer infiltration. We assessed the observed percentage of videoclips classified correctly, the expected percentage of videoclips classified correctly based on the generalized linear mixed model and inter-rater agreement (reliability) in classifying anatomical sites as being infiltrated by cancer. RESULTS: Twenty-five raters participated in the study, of whom 13 were highly experienced and 12 were less experienced. The observed percentage of correct classification of cancer infiltration ranged from 70% to 100% depending on rater and anatomical site, and the median percentage of correct classification for the 25 raters ranged from 90% to 100%. The probability of correct classification of all 380 videoclips ranged from 0.956 to 0.975 and was not affected by the rater's level of ultrasound experience. The likelihood of correct classification increased with increased image quality and diagnostic confidence and was affected by anatomical region. It was highest for sites in the pelvis, second highest for those in the middle abdomen, third highest for lymph nodes and lowest for sites in the upper abdomen. The inter-rater agreement of all 25 raters regarding the presence of cancer infiltration ranged from substantial (Fleiss kappa, 0.68 (95% CI, 0.66-0.71)) to very good (Fleiss kappa, 0.99 (95% CI, 0.97-1.00)) depending on the anatomical site. It was lowest for sites in the upper abdomen (Fleiss kappa, 0.68 (95% CI, 0.66-0.71) to 0.97 (95% CI, 0.94-0.99)) and highest for sites in the pelvis (Fleiss kappa, 0.94 (95% CI, 0.92-0.97) to 0.99 (95% CI, 0.97-1.00)). CONCLUSIONS: Ultrasound examiners with different levels of ultrasound experience can classify correctly predefined anatomical sites as being infiltrated or not infiltrated by ovarian cancer based on video recordings obtained by an experienced ultrasound examiner, and the inter-rater agreement is substantial. The likelihood of correct classification as well as the inter-rater agreement is highest for sites in the pelvis and lowest for sites in the upper abdomen. However, owing to the study design, our results regarding diagnostic accuracy and inter-rater agreement are likely to be overoptimistic. © 2025 The Author(s). Ultrasound in Obstetrics & Gynecology published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of International Society of Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology.

• MeSH
• Video Recording MeSH
• Abdomen diagnostic imaging   pathology   MeSH
• Neoplasm Invasiveness diagnostic imaging   MeSH
• Clinical Competence * MeSH
• Middle Aged MeSH
• Humans MeSH
• Ovarian Neoplasms * diagnostic imaging   pathology   MeSH
• Observer Variation MeSH
• Pelvis diagnostic imaging   pathology   MeSH
• Prevalence MeSH
• Aged MeSH
• Ultrasonography methods   MeSH
• Check Tag
• Middle Aged MeSH
• Humans MeSH
• Aged MeSH
• Female MeSH
• Publication type
• Journal Article MeSH
• Multicenter Study MeSH
• Observational Study MeSH
• Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't MeSH

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) is an RNA virus responsible for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). While SARS-CoV-2 primarily targets the lungs and airways, it can also infect other organs, including the central nervous system (CNS). The aim of this study was to investigate whether the choroid plexus could serve as a potential entry site for SARS-CoV-2 into the brain. Tissue samples from 24 deceased COVID-19-positive individuals were analyzed. Reverse transcription real-time PCR (RT-qPCR) was performed on selected brain regions, including the choroid plexus, to detect SARS-CoV-2 viral RNA. Additionally, immunofluorescence staining and confocal microscopy were used to detect and localize two characteristic proteins of SARS-CoV-2: the spike protein S1 and the nucleocapsid protein. RT-qPCR analysis confirmed the presence of SARS-CoV-2 viral RNA in the choroid plexus. Immunohistochemical staining revealed viral particles localized in the epithelial cells of the choroid plexus, with the spike protein S1 detected in the late endosomes. Our findings suggest that the blood-cerebrospinal fluid (B-CSF) barrier in the choroid plexus serves as a route of entry for SARS-CoV-2 into the CNS. This study contributes to the understanding of the mechanisms underlying CNS involvement in COVID-19 and highlights the importance of further research to explore potential therapeutic strategies targeting this entry pathway.

• MeSH
• COVID-19 * virology   MeSH
• Adult MeSH
• Phosphoproteins * metabolism   MeSH
• Spike Glycoprotein, Coronavirus * genetics   metabolism   MeSH
• Blood-Brain Barrier * virology   MeSH
• Virus Internalization MeSH
• Coronavirus Nucleocapsid Proteins MeSH
• Middle Aged MeSH
• Humans MeSH
• Choroid Plexus * virology   MeSH
• RNA, Viral * genetics   MeSH
• SARS-CoV-2 * physiology   MeSH
• Aged, 80 and over MeSH
• Aged MeSH
• Check Tag
• Adult MeSH
• Middle Aged MeSH
• Humans MeSH
• Male MeSH
• Aged, 80 and over MeSH
• Aged MeSH
• Female MeSH
• Publication type
• Journal Article MeSH

At a population level, the European Society of Gastrointestinal Endoscopy (ESGE), the European Helicobacter and Microbiota Study Group (EHMSG), and the European Society of Pathology (ESP) suggest endoscopic screening for gastric cancer (and precancerous conditions) in high-risk regions (age-standardized rate [ASR] > 20 per 100 000 person-years) every 2 to 3 years or, if cost-effectiveness has been proven, in intermediate risk regions (ASR 10-20 per 100 000 person-years) every 5 years, but not in low-risk regions (ASR < 10).ESGE/EHMSG/ESP recommend that irrespective of country of origin, individual gastric risk assessment and stratification of precancerous conditions is recommended for first-time gastroscopy. ESGE/EHMSG/ESP suggest that gastric cancer screening or surveillance in asymptomatic individuals over 80 should be discontinued or not started, and that patients' comorbidities should be considered when treatment of superficial lesions is planned.ESGE/EHMSG/ESP recommend that a high quality endoscopy including the use of virtual chromoendoscopy (VCE), after proper training, is performed for screening, diagnosis, and staging of precancerous conditions (atrophy and intestinal metaplasia) and lesions (dysplasia or cancer), as well as after endoscopic therapy. VCE should be used to guide the sampling site for biopsies in the case of suspected neoplastic lesions as well as to guide biopsies for diagnosis and staging of gastric precancerous conditions, with random biopsies to be taken in the absence of endoscopically suspected changes. When there is a suspected early gastric neoplastic lesion, it should be properly described (location, size, Paris classification, vascular and mucosal pattern), photodocumented, and two targeted biopsies taken.ESGE/EHMSG/ESP do not recommend routine performance of endoscopic ultrasonography (EUS), computed tomography (CT), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), or positron emission tomography (PET)-CT prior to endoscopic resection unless there are signs of deep submucosal invasion or if the lesion is not considered suitable for endoscopic resection.ESGE/EHMSG/ESP recommend endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD) for differentiated gastric lesions clinically staged as dysplastic (low grade and high grade) or as intramucosal carcinoma (of any size if not ulcerated or ≤ 30 mm if ulcerated), with EMR being an alternative for Paris 0-IIa lesions of size ≤ 10 mm with low likelihood of malignancy.ESGE/EHMSG/ESP suggest that a decision about ESD can be considered for malignant lesions clinically staged as having minimal submucosal invasion if differentiated and ≤ 30 mm; or for malignant lesions clinically staged as intramucosal, undifferentiated and ≤ 20 mm; and in both cases with no ulcerative findings.ESGE/EHMSG/ESP recommends patient management based on the following histological risk after endoscopic resection: Curative/very low-risk resection (lymph node metastasis [LNM] risk < 0.5 %-1 %): en bloc R0 resection; dysplastic/pT1a, differentiated lesion, no lymphovascular invasion, independent of size if no ulceration and ≤ 30 mm if ulcerated. No further staging procedure or treatment is recommended.Curative/low-risk resection (LNM risk < 3 %): en bloc R0 resection; lesion with no lymphovascular invasion and: a) pT1b, invasion ≤ 500 μm, differentiated, size ≤ 30 mm; or b) pT1a, undifferentiated, size ≤ 20 mm and no ulceration. Staging should be completed, and further treatment is generally not necessary, but a multidisciplinary discussion is required. Local-risk resection (very low risk of LNM but increased risk of local persistence/recurrence): Piecemeal resection or tumor-positive horizontal margin of a lesion otherwise meeting curative/very low-risk criteria (or meeting low-risk criteria provided that there is no submucosal invasive tumor at the resection margin in the case of piecemeal resection or tumor-positive horizontal margin for pT1b lesions [invasion ≤ 500 μm; well-differentiated; size ≤ 30 mm, and VM0]). Endoscopic surveillance/re-treatment is recommended rather than other additional treatment. High-risk resection (noncurative): Any lesion with any of the following: (a) a positive vertical margin (if carcinoma) or lymphovascular invasion or deep submucosal invasion (> 500 μm from the muscularis mucosae); (b) poorly differentiated lesions if ulceration or size > 20 mm; (c) pT1b differentiated lesions with submucosal invasion ≤ 500 μm with size > 30 mm; or (d) intramucosal ulcerative lesion with size > 30 mm. Complete staging and strong consideration for additional treatments (surgery) in multidisciplinary discussion.ESGE/EHMSG/ESP suggest the use of validated endoscopic classifications of atrophy (e. g. Kimura-Takemoto) or intestinal metaplasia (e. g. endoscopic grading of gastric intestinal metaplasia [EGGIM]) to endoscopically stage precancerous conditions and stratify the risk for gastric cancer.ESGE/EHMSG/ESP recommend that biopsies should be taken from at least two topographic sites (2 biopsies from the antrum/incisura and 2 from the corpus, guided by VCE) in two separate, clearly labeled vials. Additional biopsy from the incisura is optional.ESGE/EHMSG/ESP recommend that patients with extensive endoscopic changes (Kimura C3 + or EGGIM 5 +) or advanced histological stages of atrophic gastritis (severe atrophic changes or intestinal metaplasia, or changes in both antrum and corpus, operative link on gastritis assessment/operative link on gastric intestinal metaplasia [OLGA/OLGIM] III/IV) should be followed up with high quality endoscopy every 3 years, irrespective of the individual's country of origin.ESGE/EHMSG/ESP recommend that no surveillance is proposed for patients with mild to moderate atrophy or intestinal metaplasia restricted to the antrum, in the absence of endoscopic signs of extensive lesions or other risk factors (family history, incomplete intestinal metaplasia, persistent H. pylori infection). This group constitutes most individuals found in clinical practice.ESGE/EHMSG/ESP recommend H. pylori eradication for patients with precancerous conditions and after endoscopic or surgical therapy.ESGE/EHMSG/ESP recommend that patients should be advised to stop smoking and low-dose daily aspirin use may be considered for the prevention of gastric cancer in selected individuals with high risk for cardiovascular events.

• MeSH
• Biopsy MeSH
• Early Detection of Cancer * methods   standards   MeSH
• Gastroscopy * standards   MeSH
• Risk Assessment MeSH
• Helicobacter Infections complications   MeSH
• Humans MeSH
• Stomach Neoplasms * pathology   diagnosis   therapy   MeSH
• Precancerous Conditions * pathology   diagnosis   therapy   MeSH
• Societies, Medical MeSH
• Gastric Mucosa pathology   diagnostic imaging   MeSH
• Check Tag
• Humans MeSH
• Publication type
• Journal Article MeSH
• Practice Guideline MeSH
• Geographicals
• Europe MeSH