Staphylococcus aureus is one of the most common bacterial pathogens, often asymptomatically colonizing healthy people, but capable of causing fatal disease. The ability to treat S. aureus infections is limited by the rapid spread of multidrug-resistant strains. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of S. aureus carriage among students from Okada, Edo State, Nigeria, to analyze the antibiotic resistance patterns and molecular characteristics of S. aureus isolates. One hundred healthy students from Okada, Nigeria, were tested for nasal colonization by S. aureus. Isolates were identified using standard microbiological methods. The susceptibilities of the isolates to a panel of 22 antimicrobials were tested. spa and staphylococcal cassette chromosome mec typing were performed. The prevalence of S. aureus and methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) among the students was 23% and 6%, respectively. Of the six (26.1%; 6/23) MRSA isolates detected, CC88-MRSA-IVa (n = 2) and CC7-MRSA-V (n = 2) were the most frequent clones. The CC7-MRSA-V isolates were resistant to multiple antimicrobials. Overall, resistance to beta-lactams, tetracyclines, fluoroquinolones, and aminoglycosides was detected among the S. aureus and MRSA isolates. The high prevalence of MRSA and methicillin-susceptible isolates with resistance to multiple antimicrobial classes observed among the students is an alarming finding. This study indicated the circulation of resistant clones of S. aureus in Nigerian educational institutions and the community.

• MeSH
• antibakteriální látky farmakologie   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• methicilin rezistentní Staphylococcus aureus * MeSH
• mikrobiální testy citlivosti MeSH
• rezistence na methicilin MeSH
• stafylokokové infekce * farmakoterapie   epidemiologie   mikrobiologie   MeSH
• Staphylococcus aureus MeSH
• studenti MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Nigérie MeSH

• MeSH
• antibakteriální látky farmakologie   MeSH
• antiinfekční látky * MeSH
• bakteriální geny MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• methicilin rezistentní Staphylococcus aureus * genetika   MeSH
• mikrobiální testy citlivosti MeSH
• rezistence na methicilin genetika   MeSH
• stafylokokové infekce * genetika   MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• dopisy MeSH

Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) emergence in commensal and pathogenic bacteria is a global health issue. House flies (Musca domestica) are considered as biological and mechanical vectors for pathogens causing nosocomial infections, including methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). However, the prevalence of antimicrobial resistance and the role of temperature on the occurrence of Staphylococcus aureus and MRSA in house flies in a hospital environment have not been studied. A total of 400 house flies were collected in winter and summer from four hospital-associated areas in Mymensingh, Bangladesh. Detection of S. aureus and MRSA in flies was done by culturing, staining, and PCR methods targeting nuc and mec genes (mecA and mecC), respectively. Disc diffusion test was used to detect resistance phenotype against six antimicrobials. Logistic regression models were constructed to assess the effect of temperature on the frequency of antimicrobial resistance, and on the presence of the nuc and mecA genes, and location of samples in and around a hospital environment. By PCR, S. aureus was detected in 208 (52%) samples. High frequencies of resistance (≥ 80% of isolates) to amoxicillin, azithromycin, and oxacillin were observed by disk diffusion test. Increase in temperature had a positive effect on the occurrence of S. aureus and MRSA isolates as well as on their resistance to individual and multiple antimicrobials. Among the study areas, hospital premises had increased odds of having S. aureus. Increased temperature of summer significantly increased the occurrence of MRSA in house flies in and around the hospital environment, which might pose a human and animal health risk.

• MeSH
• antibakteriální látky farmakologie   terapeutické užití   MeSH
• bakteriální proteiny MeSH
• Diptera * MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• methicilin rezistentní Staphylococcus aureus * genetika   MeSH
• mikrobiální testy citlivosti MeSH
• moucha domácí * MeSH
• nemocnice MeSH
• proteiny vázající penicilin MeSH
• rezistence na methicilin MeSH
• roční období MeSH
• stafylokokové infekce * farmakoterapie   veterinární   MeSH
• Staphylococcus aureus genetika   MeSH
• teplota MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH

As resistance of bacterial strains to antibiotics is a major problem, there is a need to look for alternative treatments. One option is antimicrobial photodynamic inactivation (aPDI). The pathogenic cells are targeted by a nontoxic photosensitizer while the surrounding healthy tissue is relatively unaffected. The photosensitizer is activated by light of t appropriate wavelength resulting in the generation of reactive oxygen species that are cytotoxic for the pathogens. In this work, the photosensitizer TMPyP and silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) were investigated for their synergistic antibacterial effect. We tested these two substances on two bacterial strains, methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus 4591 (MRSA) and extended-spectrum beta-lactamases-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae 2486 (ESBL-KP), to compare their effectiveness. The bacteria were first incubated with TMPyP for 45 min or 5 h, then irradiated with a LED source with the total fluence of 10 or 20 J/cm2 and then placed in a microbiological growth medium supplemented with AgNPs. To accomplish the synergistic effect, the optimal combination of TMPyP and AgNPs was estimated as 1.56-25 μM for TMPyP and 3.38 mg/l for AgNPs in case of MRSA and 1.56-50 μM for TMPyP and 3.38 mg/l for AgNPs in case of ESBL-KP at 45 min incubation with TMPyP and fluence of 10 J/cm2. Longer incubation and/or longer irradiation led to a decrease in the maximum values of the photosensitizer concentration to produce the synergistic effect. From this work it can be concluded that the combination of antimicrobial photodynamic inactivation with a treatment including silver nanoparticles could be a promising approach to treat bacterial infection.

• MeSH
• antibakteriální látky farmakologie   MeSH
• antiinfekční látky * farmakologie   MeSH
• fotochemoterapie * metody   MeSH
• fotosenzibilizující látky farmakologie   MeSH
• Klebsiella pneumoniae MeSH
• kovové nanočástice * MeSH
• methicilin rezistentní Staphylococcus aureus * MeSH
• porfyriny * farmakologie   MeSH
• rezistence na methicilin MeSH
• stříbro farmakologie   MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH

BACKGROUND: The aim of this study was to evaluate the presence of pilus islet 1 (PI-1) and to determine its clade type in pneumococcal isolates with reduced susceptibility to penicillin (penicillin non-susceptible pneumococci - PNSP) and/or resistant to macrolides isolated prior to and after the introduction of pneumococcal conjugate vaccines (PCVs) in the Czech Republic. METHODS: Clinical isolates of serotypes 9V (n = 68) and 19A (n = 89) were examined. Isolates were characterised by multilocus sequence typing (MLST). The presence of PI-1 was determined by screening for the sortase B, C, and D genes located within PI-1. In the presence of PI-1 pilus, clade types were classified by PCR. RESULTS: In the pre-PCV period (2000-2007), the prevalence of PNSP was 3.9% and 2.7% of isolates were resistant to erythromycin. During 2012-2015 (post-PCV period), the rates of PNSP remained stable (3.6%), but resistance to erythromycin increased to 8.3%. While in 2000-2007, resistance to antibiotics was associated mainly with serotype 9V, in 2012-2015, it was replaced by serotype 19A. PI-1 positive isolates were seen in both serotypes. All isolates (68) of serotype 9V belonged to the Spain9V-3 (CC156) clone and carried PI-1 of clade type I while 96.5% (56/58) of isolates of 19A serotype belonged to the Netherlands15B-37 (CC199) clone and carried PI-1 of clade type II. CONCLUSIONS: Both major antibiotic resistant clones carried PI-1, although they differ in the clade type. Thus the role of PI-1 should be evaluated in further studies and potentially considered in the spread of antibiotic resistant clones.

• MeSH
• antibakteriální látky farmakologie   MeSH
• erythromycin MeSH
• mikrobiální testy citlivosti MeSH
• mnohočetná bakteriální léková rezistence účinky léků   genetika   MeSH
• multilokusová sekvenční typizace MeSH
• peniciliny farmakologie   MeSH
• pneumokokové vakcíny MeSH
• polymerázová řetězová reakce MeSH
• prevalence MeSH
• rezistence na penicilin MeSH
• séroskupina MeSH
• Streptococcus pneumoniae účinky léků   genetika   izolace a purifikace   MeSH
• techniky typizace bakterií MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Česká republika MeSH

This study is aimed at detecting and characterizing methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) from bulk tank milk samples of cows, sheep, and goats collected from dairy farms in the Czech Republic. All MRSA isolates were identified using PCR detection of the Staphylococcus aureus-specific fragment SA442 and mecA gene. The staphylococcal chromosomal cassettes mec (SCCmec), spa, and multilocus sequence types (MLST) were determined. The presence of genes encoding enterotoxins (ses), Panton-Valentine leukocidin (pvl), exfoliative toxins A, B (eta, etb), and toxic shock syndrome toxin (tst) were assessed. To differentiate human and animal origin, the presence of staphylokinase (sak) gene, ϕSa3 prophage, and susceptibility to tetracycline was tested. Out of 49 bulk tank milk samples examined, 14 (28.6%) were MRSA-positive. Eleven positive samples came from cow's milk (38%) and the remaining three from goat's milk (33%). All samples of ewe's milk were negative. In MRSA isolates three sequence types containing seven spa types were identified. Twelve isolates (85.7%) belonged to ST398 spa types t011/SCCmec IVa, t011/SCCmec V, t034/SCCmec V, t1456/SCCmec IVa, t1255/SCCmec V, and t2346/SCCmec V. Another two isolates belonged to ST5/t3598/SCCmec IVa and ST8/t064/SCCmec IVNT. In six isolates, one or more ses genes (seb, sed, seg, sei, and sej) were confirmed. One isolate from cow's milk harbored the tst gene. Another two isolates (ST398/t1456/SCCmec IVa and ST5/t3598/SCCmec IVa) harbored the sak gene and ϕSa3 prophage, and the latter was the only tetracycline-susceptible isolate in this study. However, none of the isolates was positive for pvl or eta, etb. These results suggest that there is the wide geographical spread of ST398 across different regions of the Czech Republic with no host preference among dairy cattle and goats. Therefore, when evaluating the occupational and foodborne risks, MRSA carriage and infection should be taken into account.

• MeSH
• antibakteriální látky farmakologie   MeSH
• bakteriální proteiny genetika   MeSH
• bakteriální toxiny genetika   MeSH
• exotoxiny genetika   MeSH
• farmy MeSH
• kozy MeSH
• leukocidiny genetika   MeSH
• methicilin rezistentní Staphylococcus aureus genetika   izolace a purifikace   MeSH
• methicilin farmakologie   MeSH
• mlékárenství MeSH
• mléko mikrobiologie   MeSH
• multilokusová sekvenční typizace veterinární   MeSH
• ovce MeSH
• rezistence na methicilin * MeSH
• skot MeSH
• stafylokokové infekce epidemiologie   mikrobiologie   veterinární   MeSH
• techniky typizace bakterií veterinární   MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• skot MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Česká republika MeSH

Staphylococcus aureus je jedním z nejčastějších původců bakteriálních infekcí, včetně kmenů rezistentních k meticilinu (meticilin rezistentní Staphylococcus aureus, MRSA). Léčba infekcí vyvolaných MRSA je limitována spektrem dostupných antibiotik. Novým antibiotikem s účinkem na MRSA je cefalosporin páté generace - ceftarolin. Mezi jeho indikace patří komplikované infekce kůže a měkkých tkání a komunitní pneumonie. Klinická účinnost ceftarolinu byla prokázána i v observačních studiích u pacientů s infekcemi krevního řečiště.

Staphylococcus aureus including methicilin resistant strains (methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, MRSA) is one of the most frequent causative agent of bacterial infection, generally. Treatment of MRSA infections is limited by the availability of effective drugs. Ceftaroline, fifth generation of cephalosporin, is one of them. Approved indications are community acquired pneumonia and complicated skin and soft tissue infections. Observational studies proved clinical efficacy and safety of ceftaroline for treatment of bloodstream infections.

• Klíčová slova
• Ceftarolin fosamil,
• MeSH
• bakteriemie farmakoterapie   MeSH
• cefalosporiny aplikace a dávkování   farmakokinetika   farmakologie   MeSH
• infekční nemoci kůže farmakoterapie   mikrobiologie   MeSH
• injekce intravenózní MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• methicilin rezistentní Staphylococcus aureus * účinky léků   MeSH
• rezistence na methicilin účinky léků   MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH

The intestinal microbiota has enormous impact on the health and performance of horses. Staphylococci belong in the phylum Firmicutes, and their occurrence, especially of methicillin-resistant strains and species, has been reported in horses previously. Moreover, biofilm formation is one of the virulence factors; it has been not completely studied in fecal coagulase-negative staphylococci (CoNS) from horses. Therefore, this study was focused on biofilm formation by various species of fecal CoNS from horses because it has been never reported before. In addition, their antibiotic profile was tested. Horses (42) of various breeds from Slovakia/Poland were sampled. Variability in the species of CoNS was detected in feces of horses. Thirty-two strains were identified by using the MALDI-TOF system and classified into nine species and three subspecies of CoNS: Staphylococcus capitis, S. cohnii subsp. cohnii, S. cohnii subsp. urealyticus, S. cohnii subsp. casei, S. epidermidis, S. haemolyticus, S. pasteuri, S. sciuri, S. vitulinus, S. warneri, and S. xylosus. The most frequent species was S. vitulinus. Twenty-two strains showed high biofilm production; 10 strains showed low-grade biofilm production. The highest biofilm formation was measured in the species S. xylosus. Eleven strains (of 32) were methicillin-resistant; the others were susceptible to methicillin.

• MeSH
• antibakteriální látky farmakologie   MeSH
• biofilmy růst a vývoj   MeSH
• druhová specificita MeSH
• feces mikrobiologie   MeSH
• koagulasa nedostatek   MeSH
• koně MeSH
• kyselina mléčná metabolismus   MeSH
• mikrobiální testy citlivosti MeSH
• rezistence na methicilin MeSH
• stafylokokové infekce epidemiologie   mikrobiologie   veterinární   MeSH
• Staphylococcus klasifikace   účinky léků   izolace a purifikace   fyziologie   MeSH
• střevní mikroflóra MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Polsko MeSH
• Slovenská republika MeSH

• MeSH
• antibakteriální látky MeSH
• antibiotická politika MeSH
• bakteriální léková rezistence MeSH
• rezistence na penicilin MeSH

• Konspekt
• Farmacie. Farmakologie

Alterations in PBP2a have been recognized in cefotaxime-resistant laboratory mutants and β-lactam-resistant clinical isolates of Streptococcus pneumoniae. DNA sequencing revealed fundamental differences between these two settings. Internal stop codons in pbp2a occurred in all three laboratory mutants analyzed, caused by a mutation in pbp2a of mutant C604, and tandem duplications within pbp2a resulting in premature stop codons in another two mutants C403 and C406. In contrast, mosaic PBP2a genes were observed in several penicillin-resistant clinical isolates from South Africa, the Czech Republic, Hungary, and in the clone Poland23F-16, with sequence blocks diverging from sensitive strains by over 4%. Most of these pbp2a variants except pbp2a from the South African strain contained sequences related to pbp2a of Streptococcus mitis B6, confirming that this species serves as reservoir for penicillin-resistance determinants.

• MeSH
• bakteriální geny genetika   MeSH
• bakteriální proteiny genetika   MeSH
• beta-laktamy farmakologie   MeSH
• DNA bakterií genetika   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mikrobiální testy citlivosti metody   MeSH
• mutace genetika   MeSH
• peniciliny farmakologie   MeSH
• peptidsynthasy genetika   MeSH
• proteiny vázající penicilin genetika   MeSH
• rezistence na penicilin genetika   MeSH
• Streptococcus pneumoniae účinky léků   genetika   MeSH
• transportní proteiny genetika   MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Česká republika MeSH
• Jihoafrická republika MeSH
• Maďarsko MeSH