Deoxynivalenol (DON)-contaminated feed represents a serious problem for pigs due to their high sensitivity to its toxicological effects. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the impact of intrauterine DON exposure on the immune system of piglets. Pure DON was intravenously administered to sows at the end of gestation (during the last 2-3 days of gestation, one dose of 300 µg per day). The plasma concentration of DON was analyzed using liquid chromatography combined with high-resolution Orbitrap-based mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS (HR)) and selected immune parameters were monitored six times in piglets from birth to 18 weeks. DON was found in the plasma of 90% of newborn piglets at a mean concentration of 6.28 ng/mL and subsequently, at one, three, and seven weeks after birth with decreasing concentrations. Trace amounts were still present in the plasma 14 weeks after birth. Flow cytometry revealed a significant impact of DON on T lymphocyte subpopulations during the early postnatal period. Lower percentages of regulatory T cells, T helper lymphocytes, and their double positive CD4+CD8+ subset were followed by increased percentages of cytotoxic T lymphocytes and γδ T cells. The capacity to produce pro-inflammatory cytokines was also significantly lower after intrauterine DON exposure. In conclusion, this study revealed a long-term persistence of DON in the plasma of the piglets as a consequence of short-term intrauterine exposure, leading to altered immune parameters.
- MeSH
- časové faktory MeSH
- cytokiny metabolismus MeSH
- fenotyp MeSH
- gestační stáří MeSH
- imunitní systém účinky léků imunologie metabolismus MeSH
- injekce intravenózní MeSH
- maternofetální výměna látek * MeSH
- matka - expozice noxám MeSH
- mediátory zánětu metabolismus MeSH
- Sus scrofa MeSH
- T-lymfocyty - podskupiny účinky léků imunologie metabolismus MeSH
- těhotenství MeSH
- trichotheceny aplikace a dávkování krev toxicita MeSH
- zpožděný efekt prenatální expozice * MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- těhotenství MeSH
- ženské pohlaví MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
We aimed to evaluate in vivo effects of abatacept on phenotypes of T and B cells in the circulation of myositis patients in a sub-study of the ARTEMIS trial. Twelve patients with paired frozen PBMCs before and after 6-month abatacept treatment were included in this sub-study where mass cytometry (CyTOF) was chosen as a technology to be tested for its utility in a real-life clinical immune monitoring setting. Using CyTOF, the peripheral T cell phenotypes demonstrated considerable variation over time and between individuals precluding the identification of treatment-specific changes. We therefore conclude that studies of patient cohorts displaying wide clinical heterogeneity using mass cytometry must be relatively large in order to be suited for discovery research and immune monitoring. Still, we did find some correlations with functional muscle outcome, namely positive correlations between the ratio of CD4+ T cells and CD8+ T cells (CD4/CD8) in peripheral blood samples both at baseline and after treatment with muscle endurance improvement as assessed by the functional index-2 (FI-2) test. Our data suggest that the CD4/CD8 ratio in circulation at time of active disease may be a predictor of treatment efficacy in myositis patients.
- MeSH
- abatacept terapeutické užití MeSH
- dermatomyozitida krev farmakoterapie imunologie MeSH
- dospělí MeSH
- imunosupresiva terapeutické užití MeSH
- lidé středního věku MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- podskupiny B-lymfocytů účinky léků MeSH
- polymyozitida krev farmakoterapie imunologie MeSH
- T-lymfocyty - podskupiny účinky léků MeSH
- Check Tag
- dospělí MeSH
- lidé středního věku MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mužské pohlaví MeSH
- ženské pohlaví MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- randomizované kontrolované studie MeSH
- MeSH
- angioedém * diagnóza epidemiologie imunologie krev MeSH
- antiflogistika nesteroidní * škodlivé účinky škodlivé účinky MeSH
- časná přecitlivělost * diagnóza epidemiologie imunologie krev MeSH
- farmakogenomické varianty imunologie MeSH
- imunoglobulin E imunologie krev MeSH
- imunologické testy metody normy MeSH
- léková alergie * diagnóza epidemiologie imunologie krev MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- nemoci dýchací soustavy * diagnóza epidemiologie imunologie krev MeSH
- prevalence MeSH
- syndrom vzplanutí nemoci MeSH
- T-lymfocyty - podskupiny imunologie účinky léků MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- Publikační typ
- přehledy MeSH
Immunosuppressive drugs are widely used to treat undesirable immune reaction, however their clinical use is often limited by harmful side effects. The combined application of immunosuppressive agents with mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) offers a promising alternative approach that enables the reduction of immunosuppressive agent doses and simultaneously maintains or improves the outcome of therapy. The present study aimed to determinate the effects of immunosuppressants on individual T cell subpopulations and to investigate the efficacy of MSC-based treatment combined with immunosuppressive drugs. We tested the effect of five widely used immunosuppressants with different action mechanisms: cyclosporine A, mycophenolate mofetil, rapamycin, and two glucocorticoids - prednisone and dexamethasone in combination with MSCs on mouse CD4+ and CD8+ lymphocyte viability and activation, Th17 (RORγt+), Th1 (T-bet+), Th2 (GATA-3+) and Treg (Foxp3+) cell proportion and on the production of corresponding key cytokines (IL-17, IFNγ, IL-4 and IL-10). We showed that MSCs modulate the actions of immunosuppressants and in combination with immunosuppressive drugs display distinct effect on cell activation and balance among different T lymphocytes subpopulations and exert a suppressive effect on proinflammatory T cell subsets while promoting the functions of anti-inflammatory Treg lymphocytes. The results indicated that MSC-based therapy could be a powerful strategy to attenuate the negative effects of immunosuppressive drugs on the immune system.
- MeSH
- aktivace lymfocytů účinky léků imunologie MeSH
- cyklosporin farmakologie MeSH
- cytokiny metabolismus MeSH
- dexamethason farmakologie MeSH
- glukokortikoidy farmakologie MeSH
- imunosupresiva farmakologie MeSH
- kokultivační techniky MeSH
- kultivované buňky MeSH
- kyselina mykofenolová farmakologie MeSH
- mezenchymální kmenové buňky cytologie imunologie metabolismus MeSH
- myši inbrední BALB C MeSH
- prednison farmakologie MeSH
- proliferace buněk účinky léků MeSH
- průtoková cytometrie MeSH
- sirolimus farmakologie MeSH
- T-lymfocyty - podskupiny cytologie účinky léků imunologie MeSH
- transplantace mezenchymálních kmenových buněk metody MeSH
- viabilita buněk účinky léků MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- ženské pohlaví MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
Interleukin-2 (IL-2) is a pleiotropic cytokine that regulates immune cell homeostasis and has been used to treat a range of disorders including cancer and autoimmune disease. IL-2 signals via interleukin-2 receptor-β (IL-2Rβ):IL-2Rγ heterodimers on cells expressing high (regulatory T cells, Treg) or low (effector cells) amounts of IL-2Rα (CD25). When complexed with IL-2, certain anti-cytokine antibodies preferentially stimulate expansion of Treg (JES6-1) or effector (S4B6) cells, offering a strategy for targeted disease therapy. We found that JES6-1 sterically blocked the IL-2:IL-2Rβ and IL-2:IL-2Rγ interactions, but also allosterically lowered the IL-2:IL-2Rα affinity through a "triggered exchange" mechanism favoring IL-2Rα(hi) Treg cells, creating a positive feedback loop for IL-2Rα(hi) cell activation. Conversely, S4B6 sterically blocked the IL-2:IL-2Rα interaction, while also conformationally stabilizing the IL-2:IL-2Rβ interaction, thus stimulating all IL-2-responsive immune cells, particularly IL-2Rβ(hi) effector cells. These insights provide a molecular blueprint for engineering selectively potentiating therapeutic antibodies.
- MeSH
- autoimunitní nemoci imunologie MeSH
- interleukin-2 chemie genetika imunologie metabolismus MeSH
- kompetitivní vazba účinky léků MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- molekulární modely * MeSH
- myši inbrední BALB C MeSH
- myši MeSH
- progrese nemoci MeSH
- proliferace buněk účinky léků MeSH
- protilátky chemie imunologie farmakologie MeSH
- průtoková cytometrie MeSH
- regulace genové exprese imunologie MeSH
- regulační T-lymfocyty cytologie účinky léků imunologie MeSH
- signální transdukce účinky léků MeSH
- T-lymfocyty - podskupiny cytologie účinky léků imunologie MeSH
- terciární struktura proteinů MeSH
- vazba proteinů účinky léků MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- myši MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
- Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural MeSH
Sitagliptin is a dipeptidyl peptidase IV (DPP-IV) inhibitor that exerts an anti-hyperglycaemic effect by preventing degradation of glucagon-like peptide 1 with subsequent β-cell stimulation and potential regeneration. We tested whether sitagliptin therapy in symptomatic non-obese diabetic (NOD) mice would lead to changes in the immune cell profile, improve β-cell survival and induce diabetes remission. Flow cytometry analysis of immune cells in the spleen and peripheral lymph nodes, immunohistology of the pancreas and DPP-IV activity were investigated in diabetic NOD mice, either treated or non-treated with sitagliptin, at 0, 7, 14 and 28 days after hyperglycaemia onset, and in non-diabetic NOD controls. While compared to diabetic controls sitagliptin prevented increase of the CD8+/CD4+ ratio in pancreatic nodes after four weeks (0.443 ± 0.067 vs. 0.544 ± 0.131; P < 0.05), the population of Tregs in lymph nodes increased from day 0 to 28 in both treated and non-treated diabetic groups (8 ± 1.76 vs. 13.45 ± 5.07 % and 8 ± 1.76 vs. 13.19 ± 5.58 %, respectively). The severity of islet infiltration was similar in both diabetic groups and decreased in parallel with β-cell loss. Surprisingly, sitagliptin blocked the DPP-IV activity only temporarily (on day 7, 277.68 ± 89.2 vs. 547.40 ± 94.04 ng/ml in the diabetic control group) with no apparent effect later on. In conclusion, sitagliptin administered after the onset of overt hyperglycaemia in NOD mice had only a marginal immunological effect and did not lead to diabetes remission. Failure to block DPP-IV over time represents an important finding that requires further explanation.
- MeSH
- časové faktory MeSH
- diabetes mellitus 1. typu farmakoterapie imunologie patologie MeSH
- dipeptidylpeptidasa 4 účinky léků MeSH
- inhibitory dipeptidylpeptidasy 4 krev farmakologie terapeutické užití MeSH
- Langerhansovy ostrůvky imunologie patologie MeSH
- lymfatické uzliny účinky léků imunologie patologie MeSH
- modely nemocí na zvířatech MeSH
- myši inbrední NOD MeSH
- myši MeSH
- pyraziny farmakologie terapeutické užití MeSH
- slezina imunologie patologie MeSH
- T-lymfocyty - podskupiny účinky léků imunologie patologie MeSH
- triazoly farmakologie terapeutické užití MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- myši MeSH
- ženské pohlaví MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
Adenosine is a well described anti-inflammatory modulator of immune responses. The aim of the present study was to describe the role of common adenosine agonist 5'-N-ethylcarboxamidoadenosine (NECA) in cytokine production by main porcine T cell subpopulations. TNF-α, IFN-γ, IL-2 and IL-10 were detected by multicolor flow cytometry together with cell surface markers CD3, CD4 and CD8. It was found that NECA inhibits (in a dose-dependent manner) production of pro-inflammatory TNF-α and Th1-associated cytokines IFN-γ, IL-2 in all concanavalin A-stimulated T cell subpopulations. Moreover, production of IL-10 was potentiated in all T cell subpopulations tested. These corresponded well with the fact that all T cell subsets expressed mRNA for adenosine receptor (AR) subtypes to comparable extents. Contrary to concanavalin A-stimulated cells, NECA had a moderate effect on PMA-stimulated T cells, suggesting that AR in pigs acts via signaling pathways not associated with protein-kinase C. Non-selective antagonist CGS15943 as well as allosteric modulator SCH202676 failed to reverse the effect of NECA in pigs. In conclusion, NECA has an anti-inflammatory effect on porcine T cell subpopulations.
- MeSH
- adenosin-5'-(N-ethylkarboxamid) farmakologie MeSH
- adenosin agonisté fyziologie MeSH
- antigeny CD3 fyziologie MeSH
- CD4-pozitivní T-lymfocyty účinky léků fyziologie MeSH
- CD8-pozitivní T-lymfocyty účinky léků fyziologie MeSH
- chinazoliny farmakologie MeSH
- interferon gama biosyntéza fyziologie MeSH
- interleukin-10 biosyntéza fyziologie MeSH
- interleukin-2 biosyntéza fyziologie MeSH
- konkanavalin A farmakologie MeSH
- prasata imunologie MeSH
- průtoková cytometrie veterinární MeSH
- T-lymfocyty - podskupiny účinky léků fyziologie MeSH
- T-lymfocyty účinky léků fyziologie MeSH
- TNF-alfa biosyntéza fyziologie MeSH
- triazoly farmakologie MeSH
- vztah mezi dávkou a účinkem léčiva MeSH
- zánět patofyziologie MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
BACKGROUND: Antiviral prophylaxis against cytomegalovirus has been associated with reduced risk of allograft rejection and improved allograft survival after renal transplantation. This phenomenon might not be fully explained by preventing the indirect effects of cytomegalovirus. The effect of antiviral agents on lymphocyte function in patients treated with modern immunosuppression has not been studied to date. METHODS: Adult renal transplant recipients were assigned to 3-month prophylaxis with either valganciclovir (900 mg once daily; n=19) or valacyclovir (2 g four times daily; n=17) as part of an ongoing randomized trial. Subsets of lymphocytes, lymphocyte proliferation and/or cytokine production after in vitro mitogen stimulation were evaluated at the end of prophylaxis and 1 month after withdrawal of antiviral drugs. RESULTS: Lymphocyte proliferation was significantly decreased both after phytohemagglutinine (25% ±15% versus 32% ±18%; P=0.025) and concanavalin A stimulation (17% ±9% versus 25% ±16%; P=0.011) during valganciclovir, but not valacyclovir therapy. Moreover, a lower activated T-cell count (CD3(+)HLA-DR(+) cells) was noted in valganciclovir-treated patients (13% ±10% versus 17% ±12% of total CD3(+) T-cells; P=0.005). CONCLUSIONS: Valganciclovir suppresses lymphocyte proliferation and activation in patients after renal transplantation.
- MeSH
- acyklovir aplikace a dávkování analogy a deriváty terapeutické užití MeSH
- aktivace lymfocytů účinky léků MeSH
- antivirové látky aplikace a dávkování terapeutické užití MeSH
- cytomegalovirové infekce farmakoterapie etiologie prevence a kontrola virologie MeSH
- Cytomegalovirus účinky léků imunologie MeSH
- dospělí MeSH
- fytohemaglutininy farmakologie MeSH
- ganciklovir aplikace a dávkování analogy a deriváty terapeutické užití MeSH
- imunosupresiva aplikace a dávkování škodlivé účinky MeSH
- imunosupresivní léčba škodlivé účinky MeSH
- konkanavalin A farmakologie MeSH
- kultivované buňky MeSH
- lidé středního věku MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- počet lymfocytů MeSH
- přežívání štěpu účinky léků MeSH
- proliferace buněk účinky léků MeSH
- rejekce štěpu prevence a kontrola MeSH
- T-lymfocyty - podskupiny cytologie účinky léků imunologie MeSH
- transplantace ledvin imunologie MeSH
- valin aplikace a dávkování analogy a deriváty terapeutické užití MeSH
- Check Tag
- dospělí MeSH
- lidé středního věku MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mužské pohlaví MeSH
- ženské pohlaví MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
The development and function of CD4(+) CD25(+) Foxp3(+) regulatory T cells (Tregs) are strictly regulated by cytokines. Here we show that transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) and interleukin-4 (IL-4) play a crucial and antagonistic role in the development of Tregs. Additionally, these cytokines also have distinct effects on the maintenance of natural (nTregs) and antigen-induced (iTregs) Tregs. Using double-staining and tracking of proliferation of purified and carboxyflourescein succinimidyl ester (CFSE)-labelled mouse T-cell subpopulations we demonstrated that CD4(+) CD25(+) Foxp3(+) iTregs develop upon alloantigenic stimulation in the presence of TGF-beta exclusively from CD4(+) CD25(-) Foxp3(-) precursors. Both the induction of Foxp3 expression and Treg proliferation were prevented when the cells were stimulated in the presence of IL-4. By contrast, nTregs did not proliferate in the presence of the antigen and TGF-beta, and partially lost their Foxp3 expression. IL-4 not only prevented the development of iTregs, but also down-regulated the level of Foxp3 mRNA and decreased the number of Foxp3(+) cells in a population of iTregs. Further analyses proved that IL-4 decreased the expression of Foxp3 only in a population of iTregs, whereas it substantially supported the survival of nTregs. Functional experiments showed that Tregs induced in the presence of alloantigen and TGF-beta inhibited, on a per-cell basis, cell proliferation comparably to nTregs, and their suppressive capacity was not modulated by IL-4. These data suggest that TGF-beta and IL-4 differentially regulate the development of Tregs and distinctly sustain Foxp3 expression and the number of nTregs and iTregs, but have no influence on the suppressive activity of Tregs on a per-cell basis.
- MeSH
- buněčná diferenciace imunologie účinky léků MeSH
- CD4-pozitivní T-lymfocyty imunologie metabolismus účinky léků MeSH
- forkhead transkripční faktory antagonisté a inhibitory biosyntéza MeSH
- interleukin-4 farmakologie fyziologie MeSH
- messenger RNA imunologie metabolismus MeSH
- myši inbrední BALB C MeSH
- myši inbrední C57BL MeSH
- myši MeSH
- T-lymfocyty - podskupiny imunologie účinky léků imunologie metabolismus účinky léků MeSH
- transformující růstový faktor beta farmakologie fyziologie MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- mužské pohlaví MeSH
- myši MeSH
- ženské pohlaví MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
"Hygienická hypotéza" vysvětluje rostoucí trend frekvence alergií zlepšením hygienické péče v časných obdobích života. Snížení expozice infekčním agens následně ovlivňuje zrání imunitního systému a přetrvávání fetálního typu poměru Th1/Th2. Ve studii ELSPAC byly děti ve 3 letech věku podle přítomnosti či absence alergických onemocnění (atopický ekzém, urtika, alergická rýma, astma, jiné alergie) rozděleny do 3 skupin: 1. bez přítomnosti alergie (NA), 2. monoalergici (A1) a 3. polyalergici (A2+). Byly zjišťovány velikosti rodin, kojení, expozice kouření, výskyt různých onemocnění po narození, rozsah preventivních očkování, kontakt s různými domácími zvířaty, docházka do kolektivních předškolních zařízení. Statistická významnost rozdílů byla hodnocena v programu SPSS (Pearsonův ?2 test, poměr pravděpodobnosti a lineární asociace a test ANOVA). Výsledky naší studie nepotvrdily tzv. hygienickou hypotézu: velikost rodin, kontakt s domácími zvířaty, docházka do kolektivních dětských zařízení, expozice pasivnímu kouření, délka kojení a proočkovanost, byly ve všech skupinách dětí s rozdílným zdravotním stavem podobné. Naopak, u alergických dětí se vyskytovaly významně častěji než u jejich zdravých vrstevníků respirační onemocnění jak bezprostředně po narození, tak i ve 2. a ve 3. roce života, a podávání antibiotik.
The "Hygiene hypothesis" proposes an explanation for the rising prevalence of allergic diseases through improved care early in life. Reduced exposure to infectious agents can deprive the immune system of maturation and support the survival of the fetal-type Th1/Th2 ratio. In the ELSPAC study, children aged 3 years were divided into 3 groups according to absence/presence of allergic diseases (atopy, urtica, hay fever, asthma, others): non-allergic (NA), monoallergic (A1), polyallergic (A2+). Possible risk factors were evaluated: living in a large family, breast feeding, exposure to smoking, postnatal morbidity, vaccination, contact with animals, attending day care. Statistical significance was tested by the SPSS programme (Pearson ?2 test, likelihood ratio, linear-by-linear association, ANOVA). Our results did not confirm the "hygiene hypothesis": the family size, contact with animals, attending day care, exposure to passive smoking, length of breast feeding and vaccination were similarly prevalent in all child groups. On the other hand, respiratory morbidity and use of antibiotics were significantly higher in the groups of allergic children, both after birth, and during their 2nd and 3rd years of age.
- MeSH
- alergie epidemiologie etiologie MeSH
- antibakteriální látky aplikace a dávkování škodlivé účinky MeSH
- charakteristiky rodiny MeSH
- dítě MeSH
- environmentální zdraví MeSH
- financování organizované MeSH
- imunitní systém - jevy imunologie účinky léků MeSH
- infekce dýchací soustavy farmakoterapie mikrobiologie virologie MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- očkovací schéma MeSH
- rizikové faktory MeSH
- T-lymfocyty - podskupiny fyziologie účinky léků MeSH
- Check Tag
- dítě MeSH
- lidé MeSH