Temporal interference (TI) is a method of non-invasive brain stimulation using transcutaneous electrodes which allows the targeting and modulation of deeper brain structures, not normally associated with non-invasive simulation, while avoiding unwanted stimulation of shallower cortical structures. The properties of TI have been previously demonstrated, however, the problem of decoupling stimulation focality from stimulation intensity has not yet been well addressed. In this paper, we provide a possible novel solution, multipolar TI (mTI), which allows increased independent control over both the size of the stimulated region and the stimulation intensity. The mTI method uses multiple carrier frequencies to create multiple overlapping amplitude-modulated envelopes, rather than using one envelope as in standard TI. The study presents an explanation of the concept of mTI along with experimental data gathered from Rhesus macaques and mice. We improved the focality at depth in anesthetized mice and monkeys, and using the new focality in awake monkeys, evoked targeted activity at depth in the superior colliculus. The mTI method could be an interesting and potentially useful new tool alongside other forms of non-invasive brain stimulation. Teaser Multipolar Temporal Interference Stimulation can produce a more focal brain stimulation at depth compared to Temporal Interference.

• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH

BACKGROUND: Evidence suggests that brain-computer interface (BCI)-based rehabilitation strategies show promise in overcoming the limited recovery potential in the chronic phase of stroke. However, the specific mechanisms driving motor function improvements are not fully understood. OBJECTIVE: We aimed at elucidating the potential functional brain connectivity changes induced by BCI training in participants with chronic stroke. METHODS: A longitudinal crossover design was employed with two groups of participants over the span of 4 weeks to allow for within-subject (n = 21) and cross-group comparisons. Group 1 (n = 11) underwent a 6-day motor imagery-based BCI training during the second week, whereas Group 2 (n = 10) received the same training during the third week. Before and after each week, both groups underwent resting state functional MRI scans (4 for Group 1 and 5 for Group 2) to establish a baseline and monitor the effects of BCI training. RESULTS: Following BCI training, an increased functional connectivity was observed between the medial prefrontal cortex of the default mode network (DMN) and motor-related areas, including the premotor cortex, superior parietal cortex, SMA, and precuneus. Moreover, these changes were correlated with the increased motor function as confirmed with upper-extremity Fugl-Meyer assessment scores, measured before and after the training. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings suggest that BCI training can enhance brain connectivity, underlying the observed improvements in motor function. They provide a basis for developing novel rehabilitation approaches using non-invasive brain stimulation for targeting functionally relevant brain regions, thereby augmenting BCI-induced neuroplasticity and enhancing motor recovery.

• MeSH
• cévní mozková příhoda * patofyziologie   diagnostické zobrazování   MeSH
• chronická nemoc MeSH
• default mode network * patofyziologie   diagnostické zobrazování   MeSH
• dospělí MeSH
• klinické křížové studie MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• longitudinální studie MeSH
• magnetická rezonanční tomografie MeSH
• mozek * patofyziologie   diagnostické zobrazování   MeSH
• nervová síť * patofyziologie   diagnostické zobrazování   MeSH
• rehabilitace po cévní mozkové příhodě * metody   MeSH
• rozhraní mozek-počítač * MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• Check Tag
• dospělí MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH

BACKGROUND: Electrical stimulation involving temporal interference of two different kHz frequency sinusoidal electric fields (temporal interference (TI)) enables non-invasive deep brain stimulation, by creating an electric field that is amplitude modulated at the slow difference frequency (within the neural range), at the target brain region. OBJECTIVE: Here, we investigate temporal interference neural stimulation using square, rather than sinusoidal, electric fields that create an electric field that is pulse-width, but not amplitude, modulated at the difference frequency (pulse-width modulated temporal interference, (PWM-TI)). METHODS/RESULTS: We show, using ex-vivo single-cell recordings and in-vivo calcium imaging, that PWM-TI effectively stimulates neural activity at the difference frequency at a similar efficiency to traditional TI. We then demonstrate, using computational modelling, that the PWM stimulation waveform induces amplitude-modulated membrane potential depolarization due to the membrane's intrinsic low-pass filtering property. CONCLUSIONS: PWM-TI can effectively drive neural activity at the difference frequency. The PWM-TI mechanism involves converting an envelope amplitude-fixed PWM field to an amplitude-modulated membrane potential via the low-pass filtering of the passive neural membrane. Unveiling the biophysics underpinning the neural response to complex electric fields may facilitate the development of new brain stimulation strategies with improved precision and efficiency.

• MeSH
• elektrická stimulace MeSH
• mozek * MeSH
• počítačová simulace MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH

Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) represents a non-invasive therapeutic modality acknowledged for augmenting neurological function recovery following stroke. Nonetheless, uncertainties remain regarding its efficacy in promoting cognitive function recovery in patients diagnosed with vascular dementia (VD). In this study, VD was experimentally induced in a rat model utilizing the bilateral common carotid artery occlusion method. Following a recuperation period of seven days, rats were subjected to high-frequency repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (HF-rTMS) at a frequency of 10 Hz. Cognitive function was assessed utilizing the Morris water maze test, and the levels of IL-6, TNF-alpha, SOD, GSH, MDA, and Fe2+ in cerebral tissue were quantitatively analyzed through enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Moreover, the gene and protein expressions of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) and glutathione peroxidase 4 (GPx4) were meticulously investigated via quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) and Western blotting techniques. The use of HF-rTMS notably augmented cognitive function in rats with VD, concomitantly reducing neuroinflammation, oxidative stress, and ferroptosis within the brain. The group subjected to HF-rTMS demonstrated an increase in the levels of both proteins and genes associated with Nrf2 and GPx4, in comparison to the VD group. These results highlight the potential of HF-rTMS treatment in enhancing cognitive function in rats diagnosed with VD through the modulation of the Nrf2/GPx4 signaling pathway. This modulation, in turn, mitigates processes linked with neuroinflammation, oxidative stress, and ferroptosis. Nevertheless, additional studies are essential to comprehensively elucidate the underlying mechanisms and clinical implications of HF-rTMS treatment in the treatment of VD.

• MeSH
• faktor 2 související s NF-E2 * metabolismus   MeSH
• fosfolipidová hydroperoxidglutathionperoxidasa * metabolismus   MeSH
• kognice * fyziologie   MeSH
• krysa rodu rattus MeSH
• modely nemocí na zvířatech MeSH
• oxidační stres MeSH
• potkani Sprague-Dawley MeSH
• potkani Wistar MeSH
• signální transdukce * MeSH
• transkraniální magnetická stimulace * metody   MeSH
• vaskulární demence * metabolismus   terapie   psychologie   MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• krysa rodu rattus MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH

Transcranial alternating current stimulation (tACS) is a non-invasive brain stimulation method that, through its manipulation of endogenous oscillations, can affect cognition in healthy adults. Given the fact that both endogenous oscillations and cognition are impaired in various psychiatric diagnoses, tACS might represent a suitable intervention. We conducted a search of Pubmed and Web of Science databases and reviewed 27 studies where tACS is used in psychiatric diagnoses and cognition change is evaluated. TACS is a safe and well-tolerated intervention method, suitable for multiple-sessions protocols. It can be administered at home, individualized according to the patient''s anatomical and functional characteristics, or used as a marker of disease progression. The results are varying across diagnoses and applied protocols, with some protocols showing a long-term effect. However, the overall number of studies is small with a great variety of diagnoses and tACS parameters, such as electrode montage or used frequency. Precise mechanisms of tACS interaction with pathophysiological processes are only partially described and need further research. Currently, tACS seems to be a feasible method to alleviate cognitive impairment in psychiatric patients; however, a more robust confirmation of efficacy of potential protocols is needed to introduce it into clinical practise.

• MeSH
• duševní poruchy * terapie   patofyziologie   MeSH
• kognitivní dysfunkce * patofyziologie   etiologie   terapie   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• přímá transkraniální stimulace mozku * metody   MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• přehledy MeSH

Neuropatická bolest patří k častým klinickým příznakům onemocnění periferního (mononeuropatie, polyneuropatie) i centrálního nervového systému (míšní léze, stavy po cévních mozkových příhodách apod.). Významně snižuje kvalitu života pacientů, interferuje se spánkem a je často provázena úzkostí a/nebo depresí. Léčba neuropatické bolesti je dominantně založena na farmakoterapii, pro kterou je k dispozici řada preparátů využitelných v monoterapii či v rámci kombinované léčby. K lékům první volby (s průkazem účinnosti na úrovni IA) patří některá antiepileptika a antidepresiva. Z antiepileptik jde především o modulátory alfa-2-delta podjednotky kalciových kanálů, tedy gabapentin a pregabalin. Oba léky byly dlouhodobě považovány za srovnatelně účinné, v posledních 5–7 letech však bylo publikováno několik negativních studií vysoké kvality s pre- gabalinem, zatímco evidence účinku gabapentinu je nadále velmi robustní. Z antiepileptik je pro dosažení analgetického účinku klíčová blokáda zpětného vychytávání noradrenalinu. Využitelné jsou proto především léky ze skupiny inhibitorů zpětného vychytávání serotoninu a noradrenalinu (SNRI, např. duloxetin či venlafaxin) a také tricyklická antidepresiva (TCA, především amitriptylin), zatímco efekt inhibitorů zpětného vychytávání serotoninu (SSRI) v terapii neuropatické bolesti prokázán nebyl. Účinné jsou také opioidy (tramadol, morfin, oxykodon, tapentadol), které jsou využívány jako léky druhé či třetí volby, a to jako monoterapie či add-on terapie k lékům první volby. U pacientů s lokalizovanou neuropatickou bolestí (např. u postherpetické neuralgie) lze využít topicky aplikované preparáty (např. kapsaicin či topicky aplikovaný lidokain), jejichž výhodou je excelentní bezpečnostní profil. Prakticky u všech zmíněných léků je pokračování terapie podmíněno dokumentací jejich účinnosti, např. poklesem intenzity bolesti hodnocené pomocí numerické škály bolesti. Vedle farmakoterapie lze v léčbě neuropatické bolesti využít také postupy nefarmakologické, síla doporučení pro jejich využití (vycházející z evidence jejich účinnosti) je však u většiny těchto postupů daleko nižší než v případě farmakoterapie, obvykle z dů- vodu absence kvalitních a dostatečně velkých studií. Většina používaných neinvazivních nefarmakologických metod má vynikající bezpečnostní profil a jejich použití je obzvláště výhodné u pacientů vyššího věku. U pacientů s periferní neuropatickou bolestí jde především o transkutánní elektrickou nervovou stimulaci (TENS), která vykazuje excelentní bezpečnost a u pacientů s lokalizovanou bolestí je doporučována dokonce jako jedna z metod 1. volby. Účinnost v léčbě neuropatické bolesti i fibromyalgie je prokázána také u vysokofrekvenční repetitivní transkraniální mozkové stimulace (rTMS) kontralaterální primární motorické kůry (M1), případně dalších oblastí mozku. U závažných refrakterních typů neuropatické bolesti je možné využít stimulaci míšní (SCS), případně stimulaci periferního nervu (PENS). Jedná se však již o invazivní metody indikované u malého procenta pacientů s vysokou intenzitou bolesti a nejnižší odpovědí na konvenční terapie. Využitelné jsou také některé psychoterapeutické metody, zejména mindfulness či kognitivně-behaviorální terapie, které lze s výhodou použít zejména jako přídatnou (add-on) terapii na úrovni druhé volby. Ostatní nefarmakologické postupy vykazují v provedených metaanalýzách nekonkluzivní výsledky a jejich užití se dle aktuální úrovně evidence spíše nedoporučuje.

Neuropathic pain is a common clinical symptom of peripheral (mononeuropathy, polyneuropathy) and central nervous systém disorders (spinal cord lesions, post-stroke conditions, etc.). It significantly reduces pa‘ients‘ quality of life, interferes with sleep and is often associated with anxiety and/or depression. The treatment of neuropathic pain is mainly based on pharmacotherapy, for which a number of agents are available for use as monotherapy or in combination therapy. First choice drugs (with evidence of efficacy at the IA level) include some antiepileptics and antidepres- sants. The antiepileptic drugs are mainly alpha-2-delta calcium channel subunit modulators, i.e. gabapentin and pregabalin. Both drugs have long been considered comparably effective, but in the last 5-7 years several negative, high-quality trials have been published with pregabalin, while the evidence for gabapentin remains very robust. Among the antiepileptic drugs, blockade of norepinephrine reuptake is key to achieving analgesia. Therefore, serotonin and noradrenaline reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs) (e.g. duloxetine or venlafaxine) and tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs, especially amitriptyline) are particularly useful, whereas the effect of serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) in the treatment of neuropathic pain has not been demonstrated. Opioids (tramadol, morphine, oxycodone, tapentadol) are also effective and are used as second- or third-line drugs, either as monotherapy or as adjunctive therapy to first-line drugs. For patients with localised neuropathic pain (e.g. postherpetic neuralgia), topical agents (e.g. capsaicin or lidocaine) can be used, which have the advantage of an excellent safety profile. For all these agents, continuation of therapy requires documentation of efficacy, e.g. a reduction in pain intensity as assessed by a numerical pain scale. In addition to pharmacotherapy, non-pharmacological treatments can be used to treat neuropathic pain, but the strength of the recommendations for their use (based on evidence of their effectiveness) is much lower than for pharmacotherapy for most of these treatments, usually due to a lack of large, high-quality trials. Most of the non-invasive non-pharmacological methods used have an excellent safety profile and their use is particularly beneficial in older patients. For patients with peripheral neuropathic pain, transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) can be used with excellent safe‘y. It‘s even recommended as a first-line treatment for patients with localised pain. High-frequency repetitive transcranial brain stimulation (rTMS) of the contralateral primary motor cortex or several other brain regions has also been shown to be effective in the treatment of neuropathic pain and fibromyalgia. For refractory forms of neuropathic pain, spinal cord stimulation (SCS) or peripheral nerve stimulation (PENS) can be used, but both are invasive and their use is limited to a small percentage of patients with the most severe pain and least response to conventional therapies. Some psychotherapeutic techniques, particularly mindfulness or cognitive behavioural therapy, may also be used, particularly as second-line adjunctive therapy. Other non-pharmacological treatments have shown inconsistent results in meta-analyses and their use is not recommended based on the current level of evidence.

• MeSH
• akupunkturní terapie MeSH
• analgetika farmakologie   klasifikace   terapeutické užití   MeSH
• antidepresiva aplikace a dávkování   farmakologie   terapeutické užití   MeSH
• antikonvulziva aplikace a dávkování   farmakologie   terapeutické užití   MeSH
• aromaterapie MeSH
• elektrická stimulace metody   MeSH
• hyperestezie diagnóza   MeSH
• kanabinoidy farmakologie   terapeutické užití   MeSH
• kombinovaná terapie metody   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• míšní stimulace MeSH
• neuralgie * diagnóza   farmakoterapie   psychologie   terapie   MeSH
• parestezie diagnóza   MeSH
• periferní nervový systém MeSH
• transkraniální magnetická stimulace MeSH
• všímavost MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• přehledy MeSH

Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS) is a non-invasive technique for analyzing the central and peripheral nervous system. TMS could be a powerful therapeutic technique for neurological disorders. TMS has also shown potential in treating various neurophysiological complications, such as depression, anxiety, and obsessive-compulsive disorders, without pain and analgesics. Despite advancements in diagnosis and treatment, there has been an increase in the prevalence of brain cancer globally. For surgical planning, mapping brain tumors has proven challenging, particularly those localized in expressive regions. Preoperative brain tumor mapping may lower the possibility of postoperative morbidity in surrounding areas. A navigated TMS (nTMS) uses magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to enable precise mapping during navigated brain stimulation. The resulting magnetic impulses can be precisely applied to the target spot in the cortical region by employing nTMS. This review focuses on nTMS for preoperative planning for brain cancer. This study reviews several studies on TMS and its subtypes in treating cancer and surgical planning. nTMS gives wider and improved dimensions of preoperative planning of the motor-eloquent areas in brain tumor patients. nTMS also predicts postoperative neurological deficits, which might be helpful in counseling patients. nTMS have the potential for finding possible abnormalities in the motor cortex areas.

• MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• magnetická rezonanční tomografie metody   MeSH
• mapování mozku metody   MeSH
• motorické korové centrum diagnostické zobrazování   MeSH
• nádory mozku * chirurgie   MeSH
• neuronavigace metody   MeSH
• předoperační péče * metody   MeSH
• transkraniální magnetická stimulace * metody   MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• přehledy MeSH

Given the key roles of the cerebellum in motor, cognitive, and affective operations and given the decline of brain functions with aging, cerebellar circuitry is attracting the attention of the scientific community. The cerebellum plays a key role in timing aspects of both motor and cognitive operations, including for complex tasks such as spatial navigation. Anatomically, the cerebellum is connected with the basal ganglia via disynaptic loops, and it receives inputs from nearly every region in the cerebral cortex. The current leading hypothesis is that the cerebellum builds internal models and facilitates automatic behaviors through multiple interactions with the cerebral cortex, basal ganglia and spinal cord. The cerebellum undergoes structural and functional changes with aging, being involved in mobility frailty and related cognitive impairment as observed in the physio-cognitive decline syndrome (PCDS) affecting older, functionally-preserved adults who show slowness and/or weakness. Reductions in cerebellar volume accompany aging and are at least correlated with cognitive decline. There is a strongly negative correlation between cerebellar volume and age in cross-sectional studies, often mirrored by a reduced performance in motor tasks. Still, predictive motor timing scores remain stable over various age groups despite marked cerebellar atrophy. The cerebello-frontal network could play a significant role in processing speed and impaired cerebellar function due to aging might be compensated by increasing frontal activity to optimize processing speed in the elderly. For cognitive operations, decreased functional connectivity of the default mode network (DMN) is correlated with lower performances. Neuroimaging studies highlight that the cerebellum might be involved in the cognitive decline occurring in Alzheimer's disease (AD), independently of contributions of the cerebral cortex. Grey matter volume loss in AD is distinct from that seen in normal aging, occurring initially in cerebellar posterior lobe regions, and is associated with neuronal, synaptic and beta-amyloid neuropathology. Regarding depression, structural imaging studies have identified a relationship between depressive symptoms and cerebellar gray matter volume. In particular, major depressive disorder (MDD) and higher depressive symptom burden are associated with smaller gray matter volumes in the total cerebellum as well as the posterior cerebellum, vermis, and posterior Crus I. From the genetic/epigenetic standpoint, prominent DNA methylation changes in the cerebellum with aging are both in the form of hypo- and hyper-methylation, and the presumably increased/decreased expression of certain genes might impact on motor coordination. Training influences motor skills and lifelong practice might contribute to structural maintenance of the cerebellum in old age, reducing loss of grey matter volume and therefore contributing to the maintenance of cerebellar reserve. Non-invasive cerebellar stimulation techniques are increasingly being applied to enhance cerebellar functions related to motor, cognitive, and affective operations. They might enhance cerebellar reserve in the elderly. In conclusion, macroscopic and microscopic changes occur in the cerebellum during the lifespan, with changes in structural and functional connectivity with both the cerebral cortex and basal ganglia. With the aging of the population and the impact of aging on quality of life, the panel of experts considers that there is a huge need to clarify how the effects of aging on the cerebellar circuitry modify specific motor, cognitive, and affective operations both in normal subjects and in brain disorders such as AD or MDD, with the goal of preventing symptoms or improving the motor, cognitive, and affective symptoms.

• MeSH
• depresivní porucha unipolární * MeSH
• dospělí MeSH
• konsensus MeSH
• kvalita života MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• magnetická rezonanční tomografie metody   MeSH
• mozeček patologie   MeSH
• průřezové studie MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• stárnutí MeSH
• Check Tag
• dospělí MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• přehledy MeSH

INTRODUCTION: Chronic effects of noninvasive ventilation on myocardial function in patients with obesity hypoventilation syndrome (OHS) are scarcely understood. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the long-term effects of volume-targeted bilevel positive airway pressure ventilation (BiPAP) on cardiac parameters and myocardial biomarkers in patients with OHS. METHODS: Clinically stable patients with OHS referred to the tertiary center for the initiation of long-term BiPAP therapy were consecutively enrolled. At baseline, all participants underwent overnight cardiorespiratory polygraphy. BiPAP therapy using volume-targeted spontaneous/timed mode delivered via an oro-nasal mask was initiated. Beat-to-beat noninvasive monitoring by impedance cardiography was used to assess heart function at baseline and after 3 and 12 months of BiPAP use. Serum troponin 1, N-Terminal Pro-B-Type Natriuretic Peptide (NT-ProBNP), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), and interleukin-6 (IL-6) were monitored. RESULTS: Thirteen patients (10 men; mean age, 55.8 ± 9.8 years; mean body mass index of 47.8 ± 5.9 kg/m2) were recruited. From baseline to 3, and to 12 months of BiPAP use, left ventricular stroke volume (SV), ejection time (LVET), and ejection time index significantly increased (P = 0.030; P < 0.001; P = 0.003, respectively), while heart rate and systolic time ratio significantly decreased (P = 0.004; P = 0.034, respectively). Reductions in serum NT-proBNP, IL-6 and TNF-α were observed (P = 0.045; P = 0.018; P = 0.003, respectively). No significant changes in serum troponin were detected throughout the study. CONCLUSIONS: The present findings of increased SV, in association with lengthening of LVET, reductions of NT-proBNP and reductions in circulatory inflammatory markers in patients with stable OHS and chronic moderate-to-severe daytime hypercapnia treated with BiPAP over 1 year support the role of this therapeutic mode in such patients.

• MeSH
• biologické markery * krev   MeSH
• časové faktory MeSH
• hypoventilační syndrom při obezitě * terapie   patofyziologie   MeSH
• interleukin-6 * krev   MeSH
• kardiografie impedanční MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• natriuretický peptid typu B * krev   MeSH
• neinvazivní ventilace * metody   MeSH
• peptidové fragmenty * krev   MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• TNF-alfa krev   MeSH
• troponin I krev   MeSH
• ventilace umělá s výdechovým přetlakem metody   MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH

Cíl: Představit historii a současnost zrakových korových neuroprotéz a předložit novou metodu stimulace nepoškozených buněk zrakové kůry. Metody: Práce podává nejen přehled o historii a současném stavu stimulace zrakové kůry u těžkých poruch zraku, ale hlavně upozorňuje na jejich nedostatky. K nim se řadí hlavně stimulace právě poškozených korových buněk na malé ploše a z morfologického hlediska pak možné poškození stimulovaných neuronů elektrodami a jejich zapouzdření gliotickou tkání. Výsledky: Práce dále předkládá návrh nové technologie zpracování obrazu a jeho transformace do podoby neinvazivní transkraniální stimulace nepoškozených částí mozku, která je chráněna národním i mezinárodním patentem. Závěr: V práci je předložen ucelený přehled současných možností náhrady ztraceného zraku na úrovni mozkové kůry a návrh nové neinvazivní metody stimulace funkčních neuronů zrakové kůry.

Purpose: The purpose of the article is to present the history and current status of visual cortical neuroprostheses, and to present a new method of stimulating intact visual cortex cells. Methods: This paper contains an overview of the history and current status of visual cortex stimulation in severe visual impairment, but also highlights its shortcomings. These include mainly the stimulation of currently damaged cortical cells over a small area and, from a morphological point of view, possible damage to the stimulated neurons by the electrodes and their encapsulation by gliotic tissue. Results: The paper also presents a proposal for a new technology of image processing and its transformation into a form of non-invasive transcranial stimulation of undamaged parts of the brain, which is protected by a national and international patent. Conclusion: The paper presents a comprehensive review of the current options for compensating for lost vision at the level of the cerebral cortex and a proposal for a new non-invasive method of stimulating the functional neurons of the visual cortex.

• Klíčová slova
• zraková neuroprotéza,
• MeSH
• kvalita života MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• nemoci retiny klasifikace   terapie   MeSH
• oční protézy * klasifikace   MeSH
• primární vizuální kortex MeSH
• transkraniální magnetická stimulace * metody   přístrojové vybavení   MeSH
• zrak MeSH
• zrakově postižení MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• přehledy MeSH