• MeSH
• antioxidancia farmakologie   terapeutické užití   MeSH
• ateroskleróza patofyziologie   prevence a kontrola   MeSH
• DASH dieta metody   MeSH
• dietní sacharidy škodlivé účinky   MeSH
• dyslipidemie patofyziologie   prevence a kontrola   MeSH
• kardiovaskulární nemoci * dietoterapie   prevence a kontrola   MeSH
• kyselina askorbová farmakologie   terapeutické užití   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• rizikové faktory kardiovaskulárních chorob * MeSH
• sodík dietní škodlivé účinky   MeSH
• vaskulární kalcifikace patofyziologie   prevence a kontrola   MeSH
• vitamin D terapeutické užití   MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH

• Klíčová slova
• FODMAPs,
• MeSH
• dieta s omezením sacharidů * metody   MeSH
• dietní sacharidy metabolismus   škodlivé účinky   MeSH
• dyspepsie * etiologie   patofyziologie   terapie   MeSH
• histamin metabolismus   škodlivé účinky   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• oligosacharidy metabolismus   škodlivé účinky   MeSH
• potravinová intolerance etiologie   patofyziologie   terapie   MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH

Ten thousand years ago, the foundation for agricultural development and animal domestication was laid. Neolithic founder crops were carbohydrate-laden cereal grasses that facilitated transformation of hunter-gather societies into ancient civilizations with realistic capabilities for population expansion. In the last 3-4 decades, however, debilitating medical consequences of a progressively narrowed high caloric diet incorporating processed carbohydrates, animal protein, saturated fat and cholesterol, are translated into a global epidemic of obesity linked to metabolic and endocrine disorders, which, in part, emerged from the enhancement of our longevity. The initiation and progression of pathophysiological processes associated with this restrictive diet may well reside in the gastrointestinal tract. The critical role of human gut microbiome in facilitating normal gut physiology and linkages to other physiological systems points to its significance in comorbid pathologies when its diversity is compromised. Cortical desensitization to the potentially damaging effects of intentionally restricted high carbohydrate diets is progressively enhanced by compromised metabolic activities and widespread pro-inflammatory processes within all organ systems. Our cognitive ability must overcome the desire for comfort foods. The solution is simple: minimize "processed" foods and those of similar commercial origin in our diet, restoring a more diverse gut microbiome. Initially the solution may be costly, however, within the scope of sustained healthy longevity it will "payoff".

• MeSH
• dieta MeSH
• dietní sacharidy škodlivé účinky   MeSH
• gastrointestinální trakt mikrobiologie   MeSH
• kognice fyziologie   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• obezita dietoterapie   MeSH
• střevní mikroflóra fyziologie   MeSH
• zdraví trendy   MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• úvodníky MeSH

The aim of this study was a large-scale ecological analysis of nutritional and other environmental factors potentially associated with the incidence of cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) in the global context. Indicators of CVDs from 158 countries were compared with the statistics of mean intake (supply) of 60 food items between 1993 and 2011, obesity rates, health expenditure and life expectancy. This comparison shows that the relationship between CVD indicators (raised blood pressure, CVD mortality, raised blood glucose) and independent variables in the global context is influenced by various factors, such as short life expectancy, religiously conditioned dietary customs, the imprecision of some statistics and undernutrition. However, regardless of the statistical method used, the results always show very similar trends and identify high carbohydrate consumption (mainly in the form of cereals and wheat, in particular) as the dietary factor most consistently associated with the risk of CVDs. These findings are in line with the changing view of the causes of CVDs. Because the statistics of raised blood glucose only include people using medications and do not reflect true prevalence that is independent of healthcare, more objective data on the prevalence of CVDs are needed to confirm these observed trends.

• MeSH
• časové faktory MeSH
• celosvětové zdraví * MeSH
• dietní sacharidy aplikace a dávkování   škodlivé účinky   MeSH
• hodnocení rizik MeSH
• hyperglykemie epidemiologie   MeSH
• hypertenze epidemiologie   MeSH
• incidence MeSH
• kardiovaskulární nemoci diagnóza   ekonomika   epidemiologie   mortalita   MeSH
• komorbidita MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• naděje dožití MeSH
• nutriční hodnota MeSH
• nutriční stav MeSH
• obezita epidemiologie   MeSH
• prevalence MeSH
• přijímání potravy * MeSH
• rizikové faktory MeSH
• sexuální faktory MeSH
• stravovací zvyklosti MeSH
• věkové faktory MeSH
• výdaje na zdravotnictví MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH

BACKGROUND: The prevention of postexercise nocturnal hypoglycemia after prolonged physical activity using sensor-augmented pump (SAP) therapy with predictive low-glucose management (PLGM) has not been well studied. We conducted a study at a pediatric diabetes camp to determine whether a SAP with PLGM reduces the frequency of nocturnal hypoglycemia after prolonged physical activity more effectively than a SAP with a carbohydrate intake algorithm. METHODS: During a 1-week sport camp, 20 children (aged 10-13 years) with type 1 diabetes (T1D) managed by SAP therapy either with (n = 7) or without PLGM (n = 13) were studied. The hypoglycemia management strategy and the continuous glucose monitoring (CGM)/PLGM settings were standardized. The incidence, severity, and duration of hypoglycemia and carbohydrate intake were documented and compared. RESULTS: The PLGM system was activated on 78% of all nights (once per night on average). No difference was found between the SAP and PLGM groups in the mean overnight glucose curve or mean morning glucose (7.8 ± 2 mmol/L vs. 7.4 ± 3 mmol/L). There was no difference in the frequency and severity of hypoglycemia. However, the SAP group consumed significantly more carbohydrates to prevent and treat hypoglycemia than those in the PLGM group; the values were 10 ± 2 and 1 ± 2 gS (P < 0.0001) in the SAP and PLGM groups, respectively. Moreover, the SAP group spent a significantly longer time in hypoglycemia (64 ± 2 min vs. 38 ± 2 min, P < 0.05). We observed a difference in the time distribution of nocturnal hypoglycemia (10 to 12 p.m. in the PLGM group and 3 to 7 a.m. in the SAP group, P < 0.05). CONCLUSION: With PLGM system, euglycemia after prolonged physical activity was largely maintained with a minimal carbohydrate intake.

• MeSH
• algoritmy MeSH
• ambulantní monitorování * škodlivé účinky   MeSH
• chování dětí * MeSH
• činnosti denního života MeSH
• cvičení * MeSH
• diabetes mellitus 1. typu krev   dietoterapie   farmakoterapie   metabolismus   MeSH
• diabetická dieta škodlivé účinky   MeSH
• dietní sacharidy škodlivé účinky   metabolismus   MeSH
• dítě MeSH
• hyperglykemie prevence a kontrola   MeSH
• hypoglykemie epidemiologie   etiologie   prevence a kontrola   MeSH
• incidence MeSH
• inzulinové infuzní systémy * škodlivé účinky   MeSH
• kombinovaná terapie škodlivé účinky   MeSH
• krevní glukóza analýza   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mladiství MeSH
• sporty * MeSH
• testování materiálů MeSH
• Check Tag
• dítě MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mladiství MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• pozorovací studie MeSH
• srovnávací studie MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Česká republika epidemiologie   MeSH

The article reports on the main antinutritional compounds in legumes which have a unique nutritive value, especially for vegetarians. Besides a high amount of proteins, saccharides, dietary fibres, minerals and vitamins, the legumes contain a wide range of negative bioactive compounds, such as allergens, protease inhibitors, lectins, non-proteinogenic amino acids, α-galactooligosaccharides, cyanogen glycosides, phytates, phenolic compounds and alkaloids. This review aims to show the adverse effect of antinutritional compounds in legumes on human health and call attention to the risk of consummation of legume seeds without an adequate inactivation of dangerous substances.

• Klíčová slova
• antinutriční látky,
• MeSH
• alergeny MeSH
• alkaloidy MeSH
• amylasy antagonisté a inhibitory   MeSH
• bezpečnost potravin MeSH
• dietní proteiny klasifikace   škodlivé účinky   MeSH
• dietní sacharidy škodlivé účinky   MeSH
• Fabaceae * chemie   škodlivé účinky   MeSH
• fenoly škodlivé účinky   MeSH
• fyziologie výživy MeSH
• glykosidy klasifikace   škodlivé účinky   MeSH
• inhibitory proteas MeSH
• kyselina fytová analogy a deriváty   MeSH
• lektiny škodlivé účinky   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• ovoce * chemie   škodlivé účinky   MeSH
• průmysl zpracování potravin MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH

OBJECTIVE: The metabolic health effects of conjugated linoleic acid (CLA), which is one of the principal polyunsaturated fatty acids, are controversial and still not fully accepted. The aim of this study was to examine the effects of CLA on adiposity, ectopic lipid accumulation, and insulin-resistant states in a metabolic syndrome model of non-obese hereditary rats with hypertriacylglycerolmia (HHTg). METHODS: Groups of adult male HHTg rats were fed a high-carbohydrate diet (70% sucrose) with a 2% mixture of CLA isomers, or with the same amount of sunflower oil (control group) for 2 mo. RESULTS: CLA supplementation decreased body weight gain (P < 0.05) and visceral adipose tissue weight (P < 0.01), and distinctively reduced serum triacylglycerols (P < 0.01) and triacylglycerol accumulation in the liver, heart, muscle, and aorta. CLA-treated rats exhibited increased insulin sensitivity in the adipose (P < 0.01), a higher release of fatty acids (P < 0.001), and increased adiponectin secretion (P < 0.01).In the skeletal muscle, CLA supplementation was associated with increased glucose oxidation (P < 0.01) and an elevated anti-inflammatory index (P < 0.05), according to phospholipid fatty acid composition. In the liver, CLA reduced the oxidized form of glutathione and elevated the activity of glutathione-dependent antioxidant enzymes. CONCLUSION: Results suggest that CLA supplementation may protect against HHTg-induced dyslipidemia, ectopic lipid deposition, and insulin resistance. Increased glucose oxidation in the skeletal muscle as well as adiponectin secretion may play a role in the mechanism of the CLA action. Results suggest that CLA could reduce the negative consequences of HHTg and metabolic syndrome.

• MeSH
• dietní sacharidy aplikace a dávkování   škodlivé účinky   MeSH
• glukosa metabolismus   MeSH
• hypertriglyceridemie komplikace   dietoterapie   etiologie   MeSH
• inzulin krev   MeSH
• inzulinová rezistence * MeSH
• játra účinky léků   metabolismus   MeSH
• konjugované kyseliny linolové aplikace a dávkování   farmakologie   MeSH
• kosterní svaly účinky léků   metabolismus   MeSH
• krysa rodu rattus MeSH
• metabolismus lipidů účinky léků   MeSH
• modely nemocí na zvířatech MeSH
• oxidace-redukce účinky léků   MeSH
• potravní doplňky * MeSH
• tělesná hmotnost účinky léků   MeSH
• tuková tkáň účinky léků   metabolismus   MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• krysa rodu rattus MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH

Konzumace saturovaných mastných kyselin (saturated fatty acids – SFAs) zvyšuje koncentraci low density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterolu v plazmě a podílí se na zvýšeném riziku ischemické choroby srdeční (ICHS). Snížení výskytu aterogenní dyslipidemie (zahrnuje vyšší obsah malých LDL částic, snížení HDL-C a zvýšení triglyceridů) lze dosáhnout snížením konzumace sacharidů v dietě nebo redukcí hmotnosti, zatímco manipulace měnící obsah celkového nebo saturovaného tuku má jen minimální vliv. Dieta s nižším obsahem tuku a vyšším podílem sacharidů vede ke snížení koncentrace LDL-C ve srovnání s dietou bohatou na tuky a obsahující méně sacharidů, zejména u jedinců s lipoproteinovým fenotypem B. Z výše uvedeného není zcela jasné, který typ diety (zda s nižším nebo vyšším obsahem sacharidů) přináší větší profit z pohledu kardiovaskulárního (KV) rizika. Observační epidemiologické a randomizované kontrolované studie, které hodnotí incidenci ICHS, přispěly k tvorbě dietních doporučení se zaměřením na kontrolovaný a omezovaný příjem SFA s cílem prevence ICHS. Kriticky lze však konstatovat, že důkazy z kohortových a randomizovaných kontrolovaných studií mají svoje limitace.

The consumption of saturated fatty acids (SFAs) elevates the concentration of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol in plasma and contributes to an increased risk of ischemic heart disease (IHD). Reducing the occurrence of atherogenic dyslipidemia (includes a higher content of small LDL particles, reduced HDL-C and increased triglycerides) can be achieved by lowering the consumption of carbohydrates in the diet or by weight loss while altering the content of total or saturated fat has only minimal effect. A low-fat and high-carbohydrate diet results in reduced concentrations of LDL-C compared to a high-fat and low-carbohydrate diet, particularly in individuals with lipoprotein phenotype B. From what is mentioned above, it is not entirely clear which type of diet (whether one with low or with high content of carbohydrates) is of greater benefit in terms of cardiovascular risk. Observational epidemiological and randomized controlled studies evaluating the incidence of IHD have contributed to the establishment of dietary guidelines focused on a controlled and restricted intake of SFAs in order to prevent IHD. Critically, it can be stated that evidence from cohort and randomized controlled studies has its limitations.

• Klíčová slova
• saturované mastné kyseliny, polynenasycené mastné kyseliny, mononenasycené mastné kyseliny, kardiovaskulární onemocnění,
• MeSH
• ateroskleróza prevence a kontrola   MeSH
• dieta s omezením sacharidů metody   využití   MeSH
• dieta s omezením tuků metody   využití   MeSH
• dietní sacharidy metabolismus   škodlivé účinky   MeSH
• dietní tuky nenasycené metabolismus   terapeutické užití   MeSH
• dietní tuky škodlivé účinky   MeSH
• dyslipidemie dietoterapie   prevence a kontrola   MeSH
• financování organizované MeSH
• hodnocení rizik MeSH
• ischemická choroba srdeční dietoterapie   prevence a kontrola   MeSH
• kyseliny mastné mononenasycené metabolismus   terapeutické užití   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• nenasycené mastné kyseliny metabolismus   terapeutické užití   MeSH
• sacharidy MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• přehledy MeSH
• randomizované kontrolované studie MeSH

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Increasing evidence suggests that preoperative fasting, as was the clinical practice for many decades, might be associated with untoward consequences and that a standardized preoperative intake of nutrients might be advantageous; this is a component of the enhanced recovery after surgery (ERAS) concept. Thus, in a randomized controlled trial we compared preoperative fasting with preoperative preparation with either oral or intravenous intake of carbohydrates, minerals and water. Biochemical, psychosomatic, echocardiographic and muscle-power parameters were assessed in surgical patients with colorectal diseases during the short-term perioperative period. We also assessed the safety of peroral intake shortly before surgery. METHODS: A total of 221 elective colorectal surgery patients in this bicentric, randomized, prospective and blinded clinical trial were divided into three groups: A - patients fasting from midnight (control group); B - patients supported preoperatively by glucose, magnesium and potassium administered intravenously; C - patients supported preoperatively by oral consumption of a specifically composed solution (potion). RESULTS: The general perioperative clinical status of patients in groups C and B was significantly better than those in group A. Psychosomatic conditions postoperatively were found to be best in group C (P < 0.029). The rise in the index of insulin resistance (QUICKI) from the preoperative to the postoperative state was significant in group A (P < 0.05). The systolic and diastolic function of the left ventricle improved postoperatively in group C vs. group A (P < 0.04), and the ejection fraction was also significantly higher postoperatively in group C vs. group A (P < 0.03). The gastric residual volume was 5 ml and the pH of stomach juice was 3.5-5 in all groups without statistically significant difference. No difference was found in the length of hospital stay or the rate of complications. CONCLUSIONS: Preoperative fasting does not confer any benefit or advantage for surgical patients. In contrast, consumption of an appropriate potion composed of water, minerals and carbohydrates offers some protection against surgical trauma in terms of metabolic status, cardiac function and psychosomatic status. Peroral intake shortly before surgery did not increase gastric residual volume and was not associated with any risk.

• MeSH
• chirurgie trávicího traktu škodlivé účinky   MeSH
• dietní sacharidy aplikace a dávkování   škodlivé účinky   MeSH
• dospělí MeSH
• injekce intravenózní škodlivé účinky   metody   MeSH
• jednoduchá slepá metoda MeSH
• kolorektální nádory chirurgie   MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• obnova funkce MeSH
• omezení příjmu potravy MeSH
• pooperační komplikace prevence a kontrola   MeSH
• předoperační péče metody   MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• výsledek terapie MeSH
• Check Tag
• dospělí MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• randomizované kontrolované studie MeSH

The aim of this study was to examine relationship between dietary carbohydrate, glycemic index, glycemic load and gastric cancer risk. This hospital based case-control study was conducted in Niš (Serbia) between 2005 and 2006. Subjects (n=102) with histologically confirmed gastric cancer and controls (n=204) selected from non-cancer patients were interviewed. The structured questionnaire included information on socio-demographic and lifestyle habits. Data from dietary habits were based on Food Frequency Questionnaire (FFQ). We found reductions in gastric cancer risk for diets high in carbohydrate (OR for highest versus the lowest tertile = 0.07, 95% CI: 0.02–0.23) and mono- and disaccharides (OR=0.03, 95% CI: 0.01–0.09) and increased risk (OR=4.13, 95% CI:1.73–9.86) for high polysaccharide intake. Total carbohydrate intake (OR=0.17, 95% CI: 0.04–0.66) and mono- and disaccharides intake (OR=0.06, 95% CI: 0.02–0.20) was associated with a reduction in gastric cancer risk, while polysaccharide intake was associated with an increased risk (OR=4.85, 95% CI: 1.67–14.09) for the diffuse type only. In both histological subtypes, there was not significant association between glycemic index, glycemic load and the risk of gastric cancer. Our results suggest that increased intake of foods rich in carbohydrate, particularly mono- and disaccharides, as well as reduced consumption of food rich in polysaccharides, may lower the risk of diffuse type of gastric cancer. Our data do not support association between glycemic index, glycemic load and the risk of gastric cancer.

• MeSH
• dietní sacharidy škodlivé účinky   MeSH
• glykemický index MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• monosacharidy škodlivé účinky   MeSH
• nádory žaludku epidemiologie   etiologie   metabolismus   MeSH
• polysacharidy škodlivé účinky   MeSH
• rizikové faktory MeSH
• senioři nad 80 let MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• socioekonomické faktory MeSH
• studie případů a kontrol MeSH
• stupeň vzdělání MeSH
• zdravé chování MeSH
• životní styl MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• senioři nad 80 let MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Srbsko MeSH