- MeSH
- Alprazolam administration & dosage MeSH
- Antidepressive Agents adverse effects therapeutic use MeSH
- Depression * therapy MeSH
- Adult MeSH
- Iatrogenic Disease * MeSH
- Drug Resistance MeSH
- Humans MeSH
- Treatment Failure MeSH
- Substance-Related Disorders etiology MeSH
- Risperidone administration & dosage adverse effects MeSH
- Check Tag
- Adult MeSH
- Humans MeSH
- Female MeSH
- Publication type
- Case Reports MeSH
Despite the importance of drug release testing of parenteral depot formulations, the current in vitro methods still require ameliorations in biorelevance. We have investigated here the use of muscle tissue components to better mimic the intramuscular administration. For convenient handling, muscle tissue was used in form of a freeze-dried powder, and a reproducible process of incorporation of tested microspheres to an assembly of muscle tissue of standardized dimensions was successfully developed. Microspheres were prepared from various grades of poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) or ethyl cellulose, entrapping flurbiprofen, lidocaine, or risperidone. The deposition of microspheres in the muscle tissue or addition of only isolated lipids into the medium accelerated the release rate of all model drugs from microspheres prepared from ester-terminated PLGA grades and ethyl cellulose, however, not from the acid-terminated PLGA grades. The addition of lipids into the release medium increased the solubility of all model drugs; nonetheless, also interactions of the lipids with the polymer matrix (ad- and absorption) might be responsible for the faster drug release. As the in vivo drug release from implants is also often faster than in simple buffers in vitro, these findings suggest that interactions with the tissue lipids may play an important role in these still unexplained observations.
- MeSH
- Cellulose analogs & derivatives MeSH
- Flurbiprofen administration & dosage MeSH
- Polylactic Acid-Polyglycolic Acid Copolymer MeSH
- Delayed-Action Preparations * MeSH
- Lidocaine administration & dosage MeSH
- Microspheres MeSH
- Drug Carriers MeSH
- Infusions, Parenteral * MeSH
- Excipients MeSH
- Swine MeSH
- Drug Compounding MeSH
- Risperidone administration & dosage MeSH
- Muscles metabolism MeSH
- In Vitro Techniques MeSH
- Drug Liberation MeSH
- Animals MeSH
- Check Tag
- Animals MeSH
- Publication type
- Journal Article MeSH
V léčbě schizofrenie jsou zásadní antipsychotika. Jsou účinná v akutní léčbě první epizody či relapsu (především v ovlivnění pozitivních příznaků) i v prevenci relapsu. Nejvýznamnějším rizikovým faktorem relapsu je nonadherence k medikaci. To mohou alespoň částečně řešit antipsychotika ve formě dlouhodobých injekcí. V terapii rezistentních pacientů je zlatým standardem clozapin. Nezřídka je však používán se značným zpožděním. K optimalizaci jeho použití může posloužit terapeutické monitorování plazmatických koncentrací, nutností je monitorování krevního obrazu. Méně účinná jsou antipsychotika v ovlivnění negativních příznaků. Aktuálně však bylo na trh uvedeno antipsychotikum cariprazin, které může být v tomto směru účinnější než jiná antipsychotika. Pozitivním zjištěním jsou data ze švédského národního registru, která ukazují, že z hlediska prevence mortality jsou všechna antipsychotika účinnější než absence léčby.
Antipsychotics are crucial in the treatment of schizophrenia. They are effective in the treatment of first episode and relapse (especially in the treatment of positive symptoms) and also in the relapse prevention. The most important risk factor of relapse is medication nonadherence. This can be at least partially influenced by long-acting injectable antipsychotics. Clozapine is a golden standard in the treatment of resistant patients, sometimes used with delay. For its optimized use we can use therapeutic drug monitoring, white blood cells monitoring is compulsory. Antipsychotics are in general less efficient in the treatment of negative symptoms, although recently introduced antipsychotic drug cariprazine could be more efficient than other antipsychotics. Positive findings from the Swedish national database show that all anti psychotics are better in mortality prevention than absence of antipsychotic treatment.
- Keywords
- cariprazin,
- MeSH
- Medication Adherence MeSH
- Antipsychotic Agents * administration & dosage pharmacology adverse effects therapeutic use MeSH
- Clinical Studies as Topic MeSH
- Clozapine administration & dosage blood therapeutic use MeSH
- Drug Therapy, Combination MeSH
- Drug Resistance MeSH
- Delayed-Action Preparations administration & dosage therapeutic use MeSH
- Humans MeSH
- Drug Monitoring MeSH
- Drug-Related Side Effects and Adverse Reactions MeSH
- Piperazines pharmacology therapeutic use MeSH
- Risperidone administration & dosage therapeutic use MeSH
- Schizophrenia * drug therapy prevention & control MeSH
- Secondary Prevention MeSH
- Check Tag
- Humans MeSH
V tomto článku jsou popsány lékové interakce antidepresiv. Z potenciálně fatálních farmakodynamických interakcí je popsán serotoninový syndrom, jehož diagnóza je obtížná. Prodloužení QT intervalu je markerem zvýšeného rizika komorové tachykardie. Podávání SSRI a NSA zvyšuje riziko krvácení zejména z gastrointestinálního traktu. Z farmakodynamických interakcí článek upozorňuje na interakce CYP2D6. Řada antidepresiv a antipsychotik jsou substráty CYP2D6, přičemž paroxetin, fluoxetin a fluvoxamin jsou inhibitory CYP2D6. Některé z interakcí jsou kontraindikované, u ostatních by měl lékař zvážit pro a proti a pacienty pečlivě sledovat.
This article describes drug-drug interactions of antidepressants. Potentially fatal pharmacodynamic interactions include serotonin syndrome, whose diagnosis is difficult. QT prolongation is a marker of increased risk of ventricular tachycardia. Administration of SSRIs and NSAs increases the risk of bleeding, especially from GIT. From pharmacodynamic interactions, the article highligts interactions via CYP2D6. Many antidepressants and antipsychotics are CYP2D6 substrates, with paroxetine, fluoxetine and fluvoxamine being CYP2D6 inhibitors. Some of the interactions are contraindicated, in other cases doctor should consider pros and cons, and patients should be carefully monitored.
- MeSH
- Antidepressive Agents * pharmacokinetics adverse effects MeSH
- Fluvoxamine administration & dosage adverse effects MeSH
- Hyponatremia chemically induced MeSH
- Cytochrome P-450 CYP2D6 Inhibitors classification MeSH
- Drug Therapy, Combination adverse effects MeSH
- Hemorrhage chemically induced MeSH
- Drug Interactions * MeSH
- Humans MeSH
- Paroxetine administration & dosage adverse effects MeSH
- Risperidone administration & dosage adverse effects MeSH
- Risk Factors MeSH
- Aged MeSH
- Serotonin Syndrome chemically induced diagnosis drug therapy MeSH
- Drug Utilization statistics & numerical data MeSH
- Arrhythmias, Cardiac chemically induced etiology MeSH
- Long QT Syndrome chemically induced etiology physiopathology MeSH
- Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme System pharmacology classification MeSH
- Tramadol administration & dosage metabolism adverse effects MeSH
- Treatment Outcome MeSH
- Check Tag
- Humans MeSH
- Male MeSH
- Aged MeSH
- Female MeSH
- Publication type
- Case Reports MeSH
- Review MeSH
V článku je diskutován význam edukace pacientů se schizofrenií a jejich rodinných příslušníků při zahájení terapie a v průběhu udržovací léčby dlouhodobě působícími injekčními antipsychotiky. Předně je důležité vybrat vhodnou subpopulaci pacientů pro tento způsob léčby. Edukaci by měl provádět zkušený profesionál, který má sám k této léčbě pozitivní postoj. V průběhu diskuze je třeba s pacienty a jejich rodinnými příslušníky probrat výhody (ale také nevýhody) terapie dlouhodobě působícími injekčními antipsychotiky spíše než se zaměřit jen na způsob aplikace. Edukovat je vhodné i další členy terapeutického týmu. V edukaci je třeba pokračovat po celou dobu léčby, protože jedině tak lze dosáhnout lepších a stabilnějších výsledků celé terapie.
The article discusses the importance of education aimed to patients with schizophrenia and their family members during the initiation and during the course of maintenance treatment with long-acting injectable antipsychotics. It is very important to choose the optimal subpopulation of patients for this type of treatment. Education should be led by experienced professional with positive attitude to this treatment. It is necessary to discuss with patients and their family members the advantages (and disadvantages) of treatment with long-acting injectable antipsychotics rather than only injection procedure. Education is needed for other staff members too. The continuation of education is necessary during the whole course of treatment because only this procedure can provide better and more stable treatment outcome.
- MeSH
- Antipsychotic Agents administration & dosage therapeutic use MeSH
- Fluphenazine administration & dosage pharmacology MeSH
- Flupenthixol administration & dosage pharmacology MeSH
- Haloperidol administration & dosage pharmacology MeSH
- Injections MeSH
- Clopenthixol administration & dosage pharmacology MeSH
- Delayed-Action Preparations MeSH
- Humans MeSH
- Olanzapine administration & dosage pharmacology therapeutic use MeSH
- Risperidone analogs & derivatives administration & dosage pharmacology MeSH
- Schizophrenia * drug therapy MeSH
- Maintenance Chemotherapy MeSH
- Check Tag
- Humans MeSH
- Publication type
- Review MeSH
Neklid a delirium je u seniorů častým příznakem, který signalizuje nebezpečí a riziko pro pacienta. Jedná se multifaktoriální příčinu této změny v oblasti kognice. Velmi záleží na včasné diagnostice, diferenciální diagnostice a adekvátní symptomatické i kauzální terapii. Senior vyžaduje na rozdíl od dospělého pacienta jiné dávkování léčiv, látky mají jinou farmakokinetiku. Následující článek nabízí přehled vhodných látek či kombinací k řešení klinické situace – neklidu, deliria.
Agitation and delirium is a frequent symptom in the elderly, being a sign of danger and increased risk to the patient. Changes in the field of cognition have multifactorial causes. Timely diagnosis, differential diagnosis, and adequate symptomatic and causal therapy are of the highest importance. Unlike adult patients, seniors require a different dosage of medication and the substances have different pharmacokinetics. The presented paper provides an overview of appropriate medication and of recommended combinations of medical drugs used for management of the clinical situation – restlessness, delirium.
- MeSH
- Amisulpride administration & dosage MeSH
- Antipsychotic Agents pharmacology therapeutic use MeSH
- Benzodiazepines administration & dosage MeSH
- Delirium diagnosis etiology classification therapy MeSH
- Haloperidol administration & dosage MeSH
- Humans MeSH
- Neurocognitive Disorders diagnosis etiology therapy MeSH
- Nootropic Agents therapeutic use MeSH
- Olanzapine administration & dosage MeSH
- Risperidone administration & dosage MeSH
- Risk Factors MeSH
- Aged MeSH
- Confusion diagnosis etiology psychology therapy MeSH
- Check Tag
- Humans MeSH
- Aged MeSH
Biologické aspekty etiologie ADHD a poruch chování, včetně jejich souvislostí s užívanou farmakoterapií, představují, vedle faktorů prostředí a problémů v meziosobní interakci v rodině, základ pochopení etiopatogeneze uvedených poruch a poruch příbuzných (např. tiková porucha, obsedantně kompulzivní porucha u dětí). Uvedené poznatky o neurovývojových poruchách dokládají výrazné pokroky ve znalostech příčin onemocnění, v jejich léčbě a tím také v možnostech prevence.
Next to environmental factors and problems with interpersonal interaction in family represent developmental findings the basic of understanding these disorders (ADHD, conduct disorders, obsessive-compulsive disorders, tic disorders etc.). Knowledges of neurodevelopment disorders represent new possibilities of prevention and treatment.
- MeSH
- Antihypertensive Agents MeSH
- Antipsychotic Agents MeSH
- Aripiprazole administration & dosage therapeutic use MeSH
- Atomoxetine Hydrochloride administration & dosage therapeutic use MeSH
- Clonidine administration & dosage contraindications therapeutic use MeSH
- Child MeSH
- Dopamine beta-Hydroxylase physiology MeSH
- Adult MeSH
- Mental Disorders * diagnosis genetics therapy MeSH
- Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity * diagnosis drug therapy genetics MeSH
- Adrenergic Uptake Inhibitors MeSH
- Humans MeSH
- Methylphenidate administration & dosage therapeutic use MeSH
- Neurobiology MeSH
- Polymorphism, Genetic MeSH
- Primary Prevention MeSH
- Prognosis MeSH
- Receptors, Dopamine D2 physiology genetics MeSH
- Receptors, Dopamine D4 physiology genetics MeSH
- Risperidone administration & dosage therapeutic use MeSH
- Wakefulness-Promoting Agents therapeutic use MeSH
- Central Nervous System Stimulants MeSH
- Check Tag
- Child MeSH
- Adult MeSH
- Humans MeSH
- Publication type
- Review MeSH
Článek shrnuje základní údaje o dlouhodobě působících neboli depotních antipsychoticích, která jsou v současnosti dostupná v České republice. Jedná se o čtyři antipsychotika I. generace (flufenazin, flupentixol, haloperidol a zuklopentixol) a čtyři antipsychotika II. generace (aripiprazol, olanzapin, risperidon a paliperidon). Zaměřuje se zejména na zahájení léčby a dávkování. Diskutovány jsou rovněž i základní výhody a nevýhody depotní formy, její účinnost v prevenci relapsu a riziko nežádoucích účinků ve srovnání s perorální formou antipsychotik.
The article summarizes basic data concerning long-acting injectable or depot antipsychotics, which are currently available in theCzech Republic. They include four first generation antipsychotics (fluphenazine, flupenthixol, haloperidol and zucklopenthixol)and four second generation antipsychotics (aripiprazole, olanzapine, risperidone and paliperidone). It focuses especially on thetreatment initiation and dosage regimen. Basic advantages and disadvantages of depot formulation are discussed as well as itsefficacy in the prevention of relapse and the risk of adverse-events compared to oral formulation of antipsychotics.
- MeSH
- Treatment Adherence and Compliance MeSH
- Dopamine Antagonists administration & dosage pharmacokinetics pharmacology MeSH
- Antipsychotic Agents * administration & dosage pharmacokinetics pharmacology MeSH
- Aripiprazole administration & dosage pharmacokinetics pharmacology MeSH
- Benzodiazepines administration & dosage pharmacokinetics pharmacology MeSH
- Fluphenazine administration & dosage pharmacokinetics pharmacology MeSH
- Flupenthixol administration & dosage pharmacokinetics pharmacology MeSH
- Haloperidol administration & dosage pharmacokinetics pharmacology MeSH
- Injections, Intramuscular MeSH
- Delayed-Action Preparations MeSH
- Humans MeSH
- Risperidone analogs & derivatives administration & dosage pharmacokinetics pharmacology MeSH
- Schizophrenia Spectrum and Other Psychotic Disorders drug therapy MeSH
- Maintenance Chemotherapy MeSH
- Check Tag
- Humans MeSH
- Publication type
- Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't MeSH
- Review MeSH
Článek přináší zcela nový pohled na možnost spolupráce klinického psychologa s psychiatrem při stanovení diagnózy a zejm. rozhodování o volbě léku u pacientů s emočními poruchami. Jako zásadní se jeví poznatek, že testové markery Rorschachovy metody mohou podstatně validněji predikovat terapeutickou odpověď na volbu medikamentu než dosavadní zažité postupy v psychiatrické péči.
Abstract: We are presenting an entirely novel approach to the cooperation framework between the clinical psychologist and psychiatrist. It consists in the diagnostics as well as pharmacotherapeutic decision making based on Rorschach Test in patients with affective disorders. This fact is based on a finding, that the test markers of Rorschach could better predict the treatment response for the particular drug than other mainstream approaches.
- MeSH
- Antidepressive Agents pharmacology therapeutic use MeSH
- Antipsychotic Agents administration & dosage pharmacology therapeutic use MeSH
- Depressive Disorder * diagnosis drug therapy psychology MeSH
- Humans MeSH
- Adolescent MeSH
- Personality Disorders diagnosis drug therapy MeSH
- Psychological Tests MeSH
- Risperidone administration & dosage pharmacology therapeutic use MeSH
- Rorschach Test * MeSH
- Patient Care Team MeSH
- Treatment Outcome MeSH
- Check Tag
- Humans MeSH
- Adolescent MeSH
- Female MeSH
- Publication type
- Case Reports MeSH
Článek shrnuje základní údaje o dlouhodobě působících neboli depotních antipsychoticích, která jsou v současnosti dostupná v České republice. Jedná se o čtyři antipsychotika I. generace (flufenazin, flupentixol, haloperidol a zuklopentixol) a čtyři antipsychotika II. generace (aripiprazol, olanzapin, risperidon a paliperidon). Zaměřuje se zejména na zahájení léčby a dávkování. Diskutovány jsou rovněž i základní výhody a nevýhody depotní formy, její účinnost v prevenci relapsu a riziko nežádoucích účinků ve srovnání s perorální formou antipsychotik.
The article summarizes basic data concerning long-acting injectable or depot antipsychotics, which are currently available in the Czech Republic. They include four first generation antipsychotics (fluphenazine, flupenthixol, haloperidol and zucklopenthixol) and four second generation antipsychotics (aripiprazole, olanzapine, risperidone and paliperidone). It focuses especially on the treatment initiation and dosage regimen. Basic advantages and disadvantages of depot formulation are discussed as well as its efficacy in the prevention of relapse and the risk of adverse-events compared to oral formulation of antipsychotics.
- Keywords
- zuklopentixol, postinjekční syndrom,
- MeSH
- Patient Compliance MeSH
- Antipsychotic Agents * administration & dosage pharmacology classification blood adverse effects MeSH
- Administration, Oral MeSH
- Aripiprazole administration & dosage pharmacology MeSH
- Fluphenazine administration & dosage pharmacology blood adverse effects MeSH
- Flupenthixol administration & dosage pharmacology adverse effects MeSH
- Haloperidol administration & dosage pharmacology blood adverse effects MeSH
- Injections MeSH
- Delayed-Action Preparations * administration & dosage pharmacology classification adverse effects MeSH
- Humans MeSH
- Meta-Analysis as Topic MeSH
- Olanzapine administration & dosage pharmacology adverse effects MeSH
- Paliperidone Palmitate administration & dosage pharmacology MeSH
- Recurrence MeSH
- Risperidone administration & dosage pharmacology MeSH
- Check Tag
- Humans MeSH
- Publication type
- Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't MeSH
- Review MeSH