Cognitive and behavioral studies
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BACKGROUND: Psychotherapy outcomes are typically measured in terms of symptom relief. However, this method might overlook important changes from clients' perspectives when they are asked to report on them. A more client-centred approach might bring a deeper understanding of psychotherapy outcomes. We aimed to evaluate the outcomes identified by clients within qualitative psychotherapy research. METHODS: The PsycArticles, PsycInfo, and MEDLINE Complete databases were searched for English language studies published until Nov 11, 2023. Additional studies were identified through references in the primary studies and previous meta-analyses or systematic reviews. Search terms were related to psychotherapy and counselling, clients' or patients' experiences, psychotherapy outcomes and changes, post-treatment perspectives, and types of qualitative methods. Qualitative studies on client-identified outcomes of individual psychotherapy were included. Findings related to clients' perceptions of psychotherapy outcomes were extracted (by ML and checked by TR and LT) and analysed (by all authors) using the descriptive-interpretative meta-analytic approach. All authors have personally experienced psychotherapy as clients. This study was pre-registered with PROSPERO (CRD42021277330). FINDINGS: We included 177 studies in the qualitative meta-analysis, from 24 countries, including descriptions from 2908 clients. Most of the studies were of good quality; they covered a wide range of therapeutic approaches and diagnoses. The descriptions of psychotherapy outcomes were classified into 60 meta-categories and grouped into ten clusters. These clusters related to clients' relational and social functioning; their emotional functioning; self-awareness, self-understanding, and more adaptive cognitive processing; behavioural functioning; developing their own resources; clients' attitudes towards themselves; generally embracing life; symptom and problem change; and more general wellbeing. The tenth cluster was outcomes that could not be clearly attributed to psychotherapy, which was considered outside the scope of this study. INTERPRETATION: The meta-analysis showed that clients value outcome dimensions beyond symptom reduction, such as deeper self-understanding, enhanced self-agency, and greater social engagement. By examining psychotherapy outcomes across various diagnoses and therapeutic approaches, we highlight limitations in traditional outcome measures, showing the need for more comprehensive, client-centred assessment tools and the value of incorporating qualitative methods into understanding dimensions of change. FUNDING: European Union.
- MeSH
- duševní poruchy terapie psychologie MeSH
- kvalitativní výzkum MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- psychoterapie * metody MeSH
- výsledek terapie MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- metaanalýza MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
BACKGROUND: Although neuromelanin-sensitive magnetic resonance imaging (NM-MRI) has been used to evaluate early neurodegeneration in Parkinson's disease, studies concentrating on the locus coeruleus (LC) in pre-dementia stages of dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB) are lacking. OBJECTIVES: The aims were to evaluate NM-MRI signal changes in the LC in patients with mild cognitive impairment with Lewy bodies (MCI-LB) compared to healthy controls (HC) and to identify the cognitive correlates of the changes. We also aimed to test the hypothesis of a caudal-rostral α-synuclein pathology spread using NM-MRI of the different LC subparts. METHODS: A total of 38 MCI-LB patients and 59 HCs underwent clinical and cognitive testing and NM-MRI of the LC. We calculated the contrast ratio of NM-MRI signal (LC-CR) in the whole LC as well as in its caudal, middle, and rostral MRI slices, and we compared the LC-CR values between the MCI-LB and HC groups. Linear regression analyses were performed to assess the relationship between the LC-CR and cognitive outcomes. RESULTS: The MCI-LB group exhibited a significant reduction in the right LC-CR compared to HCs (P = 0.021). The right LC-CR decrease was associated with impaired visuospatial memory in the MCI-LB group. Only the caudal part of the LC exhibited significant LC-CR decreases in MCI-LB patients compared to HCs on both sides (P < 0.0001). CONCLUSIONS: This is the first study that focuses on LC-CRs in MCI-LB patients and analyzes the LC subparts, offering new insights into the LC integrity alterations in the initial stages of DLB and their clinical correlates. © 2024 The Author(s). Movement Disorders published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society.
- MeSH
- alfa-synuklein metabolismus MeSH
- demence s Lewyho tělísky * diagnostické zobrazování patologie MeSH
- kognitivní dysfunkce * diagnostické zobrazování patologie patofyziologie etiologie MeSH
- lidé středního věku MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- locus coeruleus * diagnostické zobrazování patologie MeSH
- magnetická rezonanční tomografie * MeSH
- neuropsychologické testy MeSH
- senioři nad 80 let MeSH
- senioři MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé středního věku MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mužské pohlaví MeSH
- senioři nad 80 let MeSH
- senioři MeSH
- ženské pohlaví MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
This study explored how the human cortical folding pattern composed of convex gyri and concave sulci affected single-subject morphological brain networks, which are becoming an important method for studying the human brain connectome. We found that gyri-gyri networks exhibited higher morphological similarity, lower small-world parameters, and lower long-term test-retest reliability than sulci-sulci networks for cortical thickness- and gyrification index-based networks, while opposite patterns were observed for fractal dimension-based networks. Further behavioral association analysis revealed that gyri-gyri networks and connections between gyral and sulcal regions significantly explained inter-individual variance in Cognition and Motor domains for fractal dimension- and sulcal depth-based networks. Finally, the clinical application showed that only sulci-sulci networks exhibited morphological similarity reductions in major depressive disorder for cortical thickness-, fractal dimension-, and gyrification index-based networks. Taken together, these findings provide novel insights into the constraint of the cortical folding pattern to the network organization of the human brain.
- MeSH
- depresivní porucha unipolární patologie diagnostické zobrazování MeSH
- dospělí MeSH
- konektom * MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- magnetická rezonanční tomografie * MeSH
- mladý dospělý MeSH
- mozková kůra * diagnostické zobrazování anatomie a histologie MeSH
- nervová síť * diagnostické zobrazování anatomie a histologie MeSH
- Check Tag
- dospělí MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mladý dospělý MeSH
- mužské pohlaví MeSH
- ženské pohlaví MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
Cognitive flexibility (CF) is the ability to adapt cognitive strategies according to the changing environment. The deficit in CF has often been linked to various neurological and psychiatric disorders including schizophrenia. However, the operationalization and assessment of CF have not been unified and the current research suggests that the available instruments measure different aspects of CF. The main objective of the present study was to compare three frequently used neuropsychological measures of CF-Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WCST), Trail Making Test (TMT) and Stroop Color and Word Test (SCWT) in a population of patients (N = 220) with first-episode schizophrenia spectrum disorders in order to evaluate their convergent validity. The hypothesis of an underlying latent construct was tested via a confirmatory factor analysis. We used a one-factor CF model with scores from WCST, SCWT and TMT as observed variables. The established model showed a good fit to the data (χ2 = 1.67, p = 0.43, SRMR = 0.02, RMSEA = 0.0, CFI = 1.00). The highest factor loading was found in WCST as CF explained most of the variance in this neuropsychological measure compared to the other instruments. On the other hand, a TMT ratio index and a SCWT interference demonstrated lowest loadings in the model. The findings suggest that not all the frequently used measures share an underlying factor of CF or may capture different aspects of this construct.
- MeSH
- dospělí MeSH
- exekutivní funkce * fyziologie MeSH
- faktorová analýza statistická MeSH
- kognitivní dysfunkce * etiologie diagnóza patofyziologie MeSH
- kognitivní flexibilita MeSH
- lidé středního věku MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mladiství MeSH
- mladý dospělý MeSH
- neuropsychologické testy * normy MeSH
- psychometrie MeSH
- schizofrenie (psychologie) * MeSH
- schizofrenie * komplikace patofyziologie MeSH
- Check Tag
- dospělí MeSH
- lidé středního věku MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mladiství MeSH
- mladý dospělý MeSH
- mužské pohlaví MeSH
- ženské pohlaví MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
Práca sa venuje otázkam prevalencie, diagnostiky a manažmentu obezity a s obezitou asociovaných komorbidít v populácii detí a adolescentov. Okrem štandardného spektra terapeutických možností (individuálna alebo skupinová modifikácia životného štýlu, nutričné odporúčania, modifikácia fyzickej aktivity, kognitívno-behaviorálna terapia a psychologická intervencia) od roku 2022 je na Slovensku možnosť medikamentóznej liečby liraglutidom u adolescentov s obezitou. Vzhľadom na stúpajúci trend ochorenia sa do popredia dostáva otázka vytvorenia novej infraštruktúry zdravotnej starostlivosti o dieťa či adolescenta s obezitou. Európska spoločnosť pre štúdium obezity (EASO) publikovala kritériá pre centrá manažmentu obezity s cieľom zlepšiť starostlivosť o pacientov s obezitou.
This paper addresses prevalence, diagnosis and management of obesity and obesity-associated comorbidities in the child and adolescent population. In addition to the standard spectrum of therapeutic options (individual or group lifestyle modification, nutritional recommendations, physical activity modification, cognitive-behavioral therapy and psychological intervention) the drug treatment with liraglutide has been available in Slovakia for adolescents with obesity since 2022. Due to the increasing trend of the disease, up to fourth comes the need of creating a new healthcare infrastructure for adolescents with obesity. The European Association for the Study of Obesity (EASO) has published criteria for obesity management centers with the aim of improving the care of patients with obesity.
- MeSH
- dítě MeSH
- léčba obezity metody MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- liraglutid farmakologie terapeutické užití MeSH
- mladiství MeSH
- obezita dětí a dospívajících * diagnóza terapie MeSH
- Check Tag
- dítě MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mladiství MeSH
- Publikační typ
- přehledy MeSH
Aim: The aim of this article is to investigate and describe the coping strategies of elderly widows. Theoretical base: The grieving process is well described in the literature. However, in real life, it is always necessary to respect the uniqueness of the process for each individual. Most previous studies have focused on difficulties of the bereaved and their risk of dying. More recently, the strengths of the bereaved and how they develop have also been emphasised. A dual-proces model of coping with bereavement was used. It is based on loss-oriented and restoration-oriented strategies and the oscillation between them. In the Czech context, there is a lack of research based on this dual-process model describing coping strategies after the loss of a loved one. Methods: The paper presents the results of ethically demanding research using semi-structured interviews with 15 elderly widows. The authors based the model on a questionnaire survey using a qualitative methodology because of the aspiration to describe the strategies of individual women in detail. Results: The output is a description of coping strategies, categorized into loss- and recovery-oriented approaches, used by elderly women to navigate the period following their partner's death. Conclusion: Describing how the women interviewed have coped with their challenging life situation could inspire not only other elderly women but also their relatives and aid workers who come into contact with this target group.
- MeSH
- adaptace psychologická MeSH
- copingové dovednosti * metody MeSH
- kvalitativní výzkum MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- manželé psychologie MeSH
- rozhovory jako téma MeSH
- senioři MeSH
- smrt MeSH
- vdovský stav psychologie MeSH
- zármutek MeSH
- zpráva o sobě MeSH
- ztráta blízké osoby * MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- senioři MeSH
- ženské pohlaví MeSH
- Publikační typ
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
Kazuistika se zaměřuje na kognitivně-behaviorálně vedenou terapii obsedantně-kompulzivní symptomatologie u chlapce s autismem a dalšími neurovývojovými poruchami v komorbiditě. Popisuje složitý klinický obraz poruchy a dlouhodobě vedenou terapii.
The case report focuses on Cognitive Behavioural Guided Therapy of obsessivecompulsive symptomatology in a boy with autism and other neurodevelopmental disorders in comorbidity. It describes the complex clinical picture of the disorder and longterm therapy.
- MeSH
- antidepresiva aplikace a dávkování terapeutické užití MeSH
- behaviorální terapie metody MeSH
- dítě MeSH
- kognitivně behaviorální terapie metody MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- neurovývojové poruchy diagnóza MeSH
- obsedantně kompulzivní porucha * diagnóza psychologie terapie MeSH
- poruchy autistického spektra diagnóza psychologie terapie MeSH
- rodinné vztahy MeSH
- Check Tag
- dítě MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mužské pohlaví MeSH
- Publikační typ
- kazuistiky MeSH
Oslabené sociokognitívne schopnosti môžu signalizovať riziko sociálnej (pragmatickej) komunikačnej poruchy alebo poruchy autistického spektra. Skorá identifikácia ťažkostí je kľúčová pre začatie cielenej intervencie a elimináciu prehlbovania existujúcich deficitov. Cieľom príspevku je predstaviť zahraničný diagnostický nástroj The Early Sociocognitive Battery (ESB) autoriek Shuly Chiat, Penny Roy a Jennifer Warwick, ktorý umožňuje priame hodnotenie sociokognitívnych schopností detí už v ranom veku. Teoretický opis ESB je doplnený o stručný prehľad výsledkov pilotného testovania 44 intaktných slovensky hovoriacich detí mladšieho predškolského veku, zameraného na analýzu výkonov detí v závislosti od pohlavia. Participanti boli hodnotení prostredníctvom batérie ESB, testu Opakovanie pseudoslov a Dotazníka použitia jazyka (LUI). Pilotné dáta ukazujú, že pohlavie detí nemá signifikantný vplyv na ich výkony v rámci nástroja ESB. Rovnako bola preukázaná štatisticky významná korelácia medzi celkovým skóre v dotazníku LUI a skóre v subteste Spoločná pozornosť batérie ESB. Výsledky podporujú aplikovateľnosť nástroja ESB aj v slovenskom kultúrnom a jazykovom prostredí.
Impaired sociocognitive abilities may signal the risk of a social (pragmatic) communication disorder or Autism Spectrum Disorder. Early identification of difficulties is crucial for initiating targeted intervention and preventing the escalation of existing deficits. The aim of this paper is to introduce the foreign diagnostic tool, the Early Sociocognitive Battery (ESB), developed by Shula Chiat, Penny Roy and Jennifer Warwick. This tool enables direct assessment of children's sociocognitive abilities at an early age. The theoretical description of the ESB is supplemented by a brief overview of the results from the pilot testing of 44 typically developing Slovak-speaking children in the younger preschool age group, focusing on the analysis of children's performance in relation to gender. Participants were assessed using the ESB, Nonword Repetition Task, and Language Use Inventory (LUI). Pilot data show that the children's gender does not have a significant impact on their performance within the ESB tool. In addition, a statistically significant correlation was found between the total score on the LUI and the score on the Joint Attention subtest of the ESB. The results support the applicability of the ESB tool in the Slovak cultural and linguistic context.
Poruchy autistického spektra jsou pervazivní vývojové poruchy. Ovlivněny jsou tak v podstatě všechny složky vývoje již od raného věku. Rodiče si všímají odlišností ze- jména v sociální oblasti, děti často nesdílejí pozornost, nekomunikují a nesdělují svoje potřeby a přání. Již ve věku 18 měsíců se dělá screening M-CHAT-R, který může zachytit nápadnosti ve vývoji (možné neurovývojové poruchy) a pediatr může rodiče směřovat k odborníkům – klinickým psychologům zaměřujícím se na práci s dětmi s PAS (poruchou autistického spektra), pedopsychiatrovi, dětskému neurologovi či specializovanému klinickému logopedovi. V tomto článku vám představíme kazuistiku s diferenciální diagnostikou odlišující PAS od dalších vývojových poruch (zejména vývojové dysfázie) a zaměřenou na stanovení stupně symptomů v kontextu poruch autistického spektra. Je to jedna z typických diferenciálních diagnostik, které na Soukromé klinice LOGO, s.r.o. děláme.
Autism Spectrum Disorders are pervasive developmental disorders. This means that they influence almost all areas of early development. Parents can see differences mainly in the social area. Children with ASD do not share activities, do not communicate their needs and wishes. At the age of 18 months, parents fill in the M-CHAT-R screening, which is sensitive to possible neurodevelopmental problems. A paediatrician can send the child to specialists in ASD diagnosis - clinical psychologist, child psychiatrist, neurologist and clinical speech therapist. In this article, we introduce you to a case study with differential diagnoses, showing the differences between Autism Spectrum Disorders and other developmental diseases (especially specific developmental disorders of speech and language). The focus is on the determination of the autistic symptoms level. This is one of the typical differential diagnoses we carry out at LOGO Clinic.
- MeSH
- kognitivní dysfunkce diagnóza MeSH
- komunikační poruchy diagnóza MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- poruchy autistického spektra * diagnóza psychologie MeSH
- předškolní dítě MeSH
- psychologické testy MeSH
- stereotypní chování MeSH
- vývojové poruchy řeči diagnóza MeSH
- vývojové poruchy u dětí diagnóza MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- mužské pohlaví MeSH
- předškolní dítě MeSH
- Publikační typ
- kazuistiky MeSH
BACKGROUND: Spatial navigation deficits are early symptoms of Alzheimer's disease (AD). The apolipoprotein E (APOE) ε4 allele is the most important genetic risk factor for AD. This study investigated effects of APOE genotype on spatial navigation in biomarker-defined individuals with amnestic mild cognitive impairment (aMCI) and associations of AD biomarkers and atrophy of AD-related brain regions with spatial navigation. METHODS: 107 participants, cognitively normal older adults (CN, n = 48) and aMCI individuals stratified into AD aMCI (n = 28) and non-AD aMCI (n = 31) groups, underwent cognitive assessment, brain MRI, and spatial navigation assessment using the Virtual Supermarket Test with egocentric and allocentric tasks and a self-report questionnaire. Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) biomarkers (amyloid-β1-42, phosphorylated tau181 and total tau) and amyloid PET imaging were assessed in aMCI participants. RESULTS: AD aMCI participants had the highest prevalence of APOE ε4 carriers and worst allocentric navigation. CSF levels of AD biomarkers and atrophy in AD-related brain regions were associated with worse allocentric navigation. Between-group differences in spatial navigation and associations with AD biomarkers and regional brain atrophy were not influenced by APOE genotype. Self-reported navigation ability was similar across groups and unrelated to spatial navigation performance. CONCLUSIONS: These findings suggest that allocentric navigation deficits in aMCI individuals are predominantly driven by AD pathology, independent of APOE genotype. This highlights the role of AD pathology as measured by biomarkers, rather than genetic status, as a major factor in navigational impairment in aMCI, and emphasizes the assessment of spatial navigation as a valuable tool for early detection of AD.
- MeSH
- Alzheimerova nemoc * genetika mozkomíšní mok diagnostické zobrazování komplikace patofyziologie patologie MeSH
- amyloidní beta-protein mozkomíšní mok MeSH
- apolipoprotein E4 * genetika MeSH
- apolipoproteiny E * genetika MeSH
- atrofie MeSH
- biologické markery mozkomíšní mok MeSH
- genotyp MeSH
- kognitivní dysfunkce * genetika mozkomíšní mok diagnostické zobrazování patofyziologie MeSH
- lidé středního věku MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- magnetická rezonanční tomografie MeSH
- mozek patologie diagnostické zobrazování MeSH
- neuropsychologické testy MeSH
- peptidové fragmenty mozkomíšní mok MeSH
- pozitronová emisní tomografie MeSH
- prostorová navigace * fyziologie MeSH
- proteiny tau mozkomíšní mok MeSH
- senioři nad 80 let MeSH
- senioři MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé středního věku MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mužské pohlaví MeSH
- senioři nad 80 let MeSH
- senioři MeSH
- ženské pohlaví MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
